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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Serum vs Plasma
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Plasma= Serum + Clotting factors.
If you don't have an anticoagulant, blood will have a liquid portion which is serum. With an anticoagulant, you will have blood in that separates to a hematocrit RBC layer, a thin later of wbc and platelets (buffy coat), and Plasma. |
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RBC appearance
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Discoid- for flexibility and increased SA/V ratio
Central Palor (less Hg) |
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White Blood Cells
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Granulocyte: Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil
-These are polymorphonuclear Agranulocyte: Lymphocyte, monocyte -These are mononuclear NLMEB- Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas =Order of # |
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Neutrophil Fxn
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Segmented. Circulate in resting state. Hired gun! Ingest via phagocytosis, destroy, then die. PUS! Acute!
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Eosinophils
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1-4% of WBC
Bilobed Nucleus Eosinophilic granules, so very Pink and fuzzy. These are PINK because of Major Basic Protein. Specialized against protozoa and parasites via phagocytosis. Specialized in late stage acute rxn. |
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Basophils
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Acidic. Activated in inflammatory and hypersensitivity rxns.
Very purplish, dark, metachromatic granules. Releases histamin, heparin sulfate, leukotriene 3 |
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Lymphocyte
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2nd most common. Same size as RBC. Mononuclear, scant cytoplasm.
T and B Lymphocyte. Responds to viral infection. Recirculates. |
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Monocytes
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Ambiguous. Eccentrically placed. Chromatin less condensed than in lymphocytes. Lighter staining. Contain fine granules, but for lysozomal action. Becomes macrophage.
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Platelet
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From megakaryocytes. A nucleate fragments.
a-granules have adhesive proteins- fibrinogens/vWF, growh modulators PGDF and TGF (to recruit others), and other coagulation factors. |
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Red Cell Clinical Correlations: RBC #
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Anemia: decrease in RBC or HG in cells
Erythrocytosis/polycythemia- physiological adaptation. |
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RBC Size
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Macrocytosis: increased size
Microcytosis: decrease in size. Caused by iron deficiency. Central palor is enlarged in these types of cells. |
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Abnormal hemoglobin
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Sickle Cell: Here, the RBC assumes a sickle shape upon deoxygnation. This results in clumping and pain, damage, etc. This occurs due to a single point mutation in the globin gene, resulting in amino acid change from glutamic acid to valine. These die early, marrow cant replace them fast enough.
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CO Poisoning
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CO binds very strongly to Heme. Blood Cells and Blood Development (Hematopoiesis)
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Red Cell Cytoskeleton
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The Cytoskeleton is made up of 40% lipid, 50% prot, 10% carbs.
In general, you have spectrin filaments which are held by actin link pieces. Ankrin, band4, and band 3 hold it to CM. |
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Blood Type
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RBC surfaces contain specific CHO chains that act as antigens. Of course, O is universal donor. AB is universal recipient.
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Where does HB come from if cell is anucleate?
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Produced in bone marrow. Circulates. Dies in spleen.
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Sites of blood formation:
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Early embryo: yolk sac
Mid-gestation- fetal liver and spleen Birth- Bone marrow. Adult: Axial mostly, distal bones not so much. |
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Bone marrow composition
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Cords, Stroma: reticular cells/fibers, matrix, sinusoids
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RBC development
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Large/Pale nucleus to darker, smaller nucleus, to no nucleus. Increase in cytoplasm, decrease in size, cytoplasm blue (RNA) to red (hemoglobin)
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Howell-Jolly Bodies
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Abnormal nuclear remnanants circulating. Can indicate splen issues or no spleen.
Reticulocytes are identifyable by special stain that shows residual RNA. Tells us that RBCs are still being made. 5-7 days |
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Granulocyte Development
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Larger- smaller, round, fine nucleus to dark, segmented nucleus; increasing cytoplasm, No granule to primary azurophilic granule to segmented granule.
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Platelet development
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Duplication of Megakaryocyte constituents without dividing.
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Normal Marrow
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Myeloid to Eryhtoid ratio is 3:1
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