Blood Banking Chapter 1

Front 1

Maximum volume a 110 pound donor can donate

Back 1

525 mL.

Front 2

Total blood volume of most adults

Back 2

10-12 pints.

Front 3

How long does it take a donor to replenish the fluid loss from a 1 pint donation?

Back 3

24 hours.

Front 4

When are donor's red cells replaced after donation?

Back 4

1-2 months.

Front 5

How often can a donor donate whole blood?

Back 5

Every 8 weeks.

Front 6

What components can whole blood be separated into?

Back 6

Packed red cells, platelets, and plasma.

Front 7

Why are many units only converted to red cells and plasma?

Back 7

Apheresis of platelets.

Front 8

How long can a whole unit of blood prepared rbcs be stored?

Back 8

21-42 days depending on anti coagulant preservative.

Front 9

3 steps of donation process

Back 9

1. Educational reading material

2. Donor health history questionnaire

3. Abbreviated physical examination

Front 10

3 areas of red blood cell biology that are crucial for normal function

Back 10

RBC membrane, hemoglobin structure, and metabolism.

Front 11

Lifespan of RBC

Back 11

120 days.

Front 12

Integral proteins

Back 12

Extend from outer surface and span entire membrane to inner cytoplasmic side. Entire surface.

Front 13

Peripheral proteins

Back 13

Beneath the lipid bilayer, located and limited to cytoplasmic surface forming RBC cytoskeleton.

Front 14

Main component of RBC membrane

Back 14

Phospholipids.

Front 15

RBC membrane

Back 15

Semipermeable lipid bilayer supporter by a mesh like protein cytoskeleton structure.

Front 16

Composition of RBC membrane

Back 16

52% protein, 40% lipid, and 8% carbs.

Front 17

Deformability

Back 17

🔻 ATP

🔻 phosphorylation

🔺 calcium: rigidity and less pliable.

Front 18

Which cells Are seen when the RBC membrane is lost?

Back 18

Spherocyte and bite cells.

Front 19

What is the RBC membrane freely permeable to?

Back 19

Water and anions such as chloride and bicarbonate.

Front 20

What is the RBC membrane relatively impermeable to?

Back 20

Cations such as sodium and potassium.

Front 21

Who discovered ABO blood groups?

Back 21

Karl Landsteiner.

Front 22

First recorded blood transfusion

Back 22

1492 Pope Innocent VII B

Front 23

RBCs metabolic pathways that produce ATP are mainly _______ because why?

Back 23

Anaerobic because the function of RBC is to deliver oxygen, not consume it.

Front 24

What generates about ATP and what percent?

Back 24

Glycolysis, 90%. 10% is provided by pentose phosphate pathway.

Front 25

What helps hemoglobin attract oxygen?

Back 25

2,3 DPG.

Front 26

Leubering Rapoport pathway

Back 26

Crucial to RBC function because it permits the accumulation of an important RBC phosphate 2,3 DPG.

Front 27

Primary function of hemoglobin

Back 27

Gas transport: oxygen delivery to tissues and co2 excretion.

Front 28

Allosteric changes

Back 28

Occur as hemoglobin loads and unloads changes are referred to as the respiratory movement.

Front 29

What % of oxygen is released to tissues?

Back 29

25%.

Front 30

Normal oxygen dissociation depends on which 3 factors?

Back 30

Ligands: hydrogen ions, co2, and 2,3 DPG.

Front 31

Shift to the right

Back 31

Alleviates the tissue oxygen deficit. Increased 2,3 DPG, decreases affinity for oxygen molecule.

Front 32

Shift to the left

Back 32

Increase in hemoglobin oxygen affinity and decrease in oxygen delivery to tissues. Associated with alkalosis.

Front 33

24 hour post transfusion survival of ___%.

Back 33

75.

Front 34

What temp is blood stored?

Back 34

1-6 degrees.

Front 35

Loss of RBC viability is correlated to lesion of storage which entails what chemical changes?

Back 35

🔻 % of viable cells

🔻 glucose

🔻 ATP

🔻 pH

Front 36

What % should free hemoglobin be?

Back 36

1.

Front 37

Which preservative is used to maintain ATP and what is the storage time?

Back 37

CPDA-1. 35 days.

Front 38

Additives that are used in U.S.

Back 38

Adsol, nutricel, and optisol.

Front 39

Length of storage for additive solutions

Back 39

42 days.

Front 40

Purpose of RBC freezing

Back 40

Autologous units and storage of rare blood types.

Front 41

Function of adenine in preservatives

Back 41

Increases ADP which drives glycolysis to synthesize ATP.

Front 42

Additive solutions

Back 42

Per serving solutions added to RBC after removal of plasma with or w/o platelets.

Front 43

Benefits of RBC additional solutions

Back 43

Extends shelf life to 42 days.

Allows for harvesting of more plasma and platelets from unit.

Produces a RBC concentrate of lower viscosity that is easier to infuse.

Front 44

Autologous

Back 44

Individuals donate blood for own use.

Front 45

Most commonly used cryptoprotectant

Back 45

Glycerol. Added to RBCs slowly with vigorous shaking and enables glycerol to permeate RBCs.

Front 46

How old is blood that is frozen?

Back 46

Less than 6 days.

Front 47

What temp are frozen RBCs stored at?

Back 47

-65.

Front 48

Period of storage time for frozen RBCs

Back 48

10 years.

Front 49

RBC rejuvenation

Back 49

Process by which ATP and 2,3 DPG levels are restored or enhanced by metabolic alterations.

Front 50

Only FDA approved rejuvenation solution in US.

Back 50

Rejuvisol.

Front 51

How long after outdate can frozen RBCs be rejuvenated?

Back 51

3 days.

Front 52

Maximum amount of time after rejuvenation that RBCs should be infused

Back 52

24 hours.

Front 53

Advantages of RBC freezing

Back 53

Long term storage, maintenance of RBC viability and function, low residual white cells and platelets, and removal of significant amounts of plasma proteins.

Front 54

Disadvantages of freezing

Back 54

Time consuming, high cost of equipment, storage requirements, and higher cost of product.

Front 55

Blood pharming

Back 55

Creating RBCs in lab with cord blood.

Front 56

To date, how many HBOCs have been developed?

Back 56

4. From human, bovine, and recombinant hemoglobin.

Front 57

Perflourocarbons

Back 57

Synthetic hydrocarbon structures in which all the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine. Chemically inert. Able to pass through areas of vasoconstriction and deliver oxygen to tissues that are inaccessible to RBCs.

Front 58

Platelets

Back 58

Cellular fragments derived from cytoplasm of megakaryotes present in bone marrow. No nucleus, mitochondria contain DNA.

Front 59

How long do platelets circulate?

Back 59

9-12 days.

Front 60

Shape and size of platelets

Back 60

Disk shaped, 2-4 microns.

Front 61

Range of platelets

Back 61

150,000-350,000

Front 62

What % of platelets are stored in spleen for reserve?

Back 62

30.

Front 63

What are platelets involved in?

Back 63

Primary homeostasis, which is the interaction of platelets and vascular endothelium in halting and preventing bleeding following vascular injury.

Front 64

Roles of homeostasis

Back 64

1. Initial arrest of bleeding.

2. Stabilization of the homeostatic plug by contributing to the process of fibrin formation.

3. Maintenance of vascular integrity.

Front 65

Shelf life of platelets and why?

Back 65

5 days. Bacterial contamination at 22 degrees and loss of platelet quality during storage.

Front 66

Which granules contain storage ADP, ATP, ionic calcium, serotonin, and phosphates?

Back 66

Dense granules.

Front 67

What % of platelets gets discarded?

Back 67

30.

Front 68

pH associated with loss of platelet viability

Back 68

6.2

Front 69

When stimulated, what do dense granules release?

Back 69

Lysozyme.

Front 70

Platelet swirl

Back 70

Loss of swirl indicated loss of membrane.

Front 71

Quality control measurements required for platelets

Back 71

1. Platelet concentrate volume

2. Platelet count

3. pH

4. Residual leukocyte count

5. Platelet swirl assessment

Front 72

Temp at which platelets are stored

Back 72

20-24 degrees.

Front 73

Expiration of platelets

Back 73

Midnight of day 5.

Front 74

What are platelets being stored in?

Back 74

100% plasma medium unless an additive is used.

Front 75

Key parameter for retaining platelet viability

Back 75

pH.

Front 76

Current standard for maintaining satisfactory platelet viability

Back 76

pH 6.2

Front 77

What has increased has transport properties?

Back 77

Second generation storage containers.

Front 78

What should platelets be store with?

Back 78

Continuous agitation.

Front 79

When should platelets be measured post transfusion?

Back 79

1 hour and 24 hours.

Front 80

Factors that effect platelet metabolism and function

Back 80

Storage temp, pH, and platelet count.

Front 81

What can encourage the potential for bacterial growth in platelets?

Back 81

Room temp storage and presence of oxygen.

Front 82

Most common infectious complication of transfusion and what % get it?

Back 82

Sepsis. 10-40.

Front 83

3 FDA approved commercial systems for screening platelets

Back 83

1. BacT/ALERT

2. eBDS

3.Scansystem

Front 84

How much blood is in a unit of blood and anticoagulant?

Back 84

450, 63mL.

Front 85

ACD, CPD, and CP2D

Back 85

Storage preservatives for RBC at 1-6 degrees for 21 days.

Front 86

Platelet concentrate should contain a minimum of _______________ platelets.

Back 86

5.5 x 10^10.

Front 87

Storage time of platelets when they're pooled using an open system

Back 87

4 hours.