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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Cardiovascular system is made up of what?....3
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Heart
Blood Blood vessels |
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The Blood has several different functions, list them.
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Transportation
Regulation Protection |
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Transportation-blood delivers nutrients and removes wastes to every cell of the body.....blood carries______ to tissues?
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Oxygen
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Red Blood cells (RBC) remove wastes and _______ from tissues and take it back to the lungs where you exhale it out.
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CO2
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Blood can be considered nutritive and excretory. explain...
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Nutritive: in the GI tract, food gets broken down into little pieces where it can be absorbed and transported to blood and lymph
Excretory: takes metabolic wastes(urea or ions) carry to kidney for removal; ex-co2 taken to lungs to be exhaled |
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Hormonal Regulation
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hormones are substances that are dumped into the bloodstream and the blood carries it to distant target sites.
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Homeostasis
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steady-state equilibrium exsisting in body
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Give some examples of Homeostatis.
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Having a constant body temp. Blood regulates body temp by diverting blood to core of body when cold and bringing blood to surface of skin when hot so you can dissipate that heat
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What are the two divisions of the Circulatory system?
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Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system |
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Cardiovascular system
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Heart, blood, blood vessels
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Lymphatic system
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important part of circulatory system because they circulate in the blood. Made up of lymph, lymph vessels, and lymph tissues.
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Cardiovascular system
The heart is broken up into 4 chambers? |
two upper right and left atriums
two lower right and left ventricles |
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True or Flase
The heart functions in pumping blood to keep the blood moving throughout our body |
True
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How does the blood move through the vessels, lungs and tissues?
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created pressure
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Oxygen and nutrient supplies being taken to tissues can also be called what?
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tissue perfusion
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Cardiac output
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the amount of blood that circulates per minute, measures to about 5L/min.
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True or Flase
Almost the entire blood volume of the body circulates throughout within one minute making it very effective. |
True
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Blood is carried to tissues via vessels. What are these vessels?
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Arteries and Veins
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Arteries
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Oxygen rish blood away from the heart to tissues
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Veins
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Carry blood back to the heart to be oxygenated
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What is the exception to Arteries and Veins?
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Pulmonary arteries and Pulmonary Veins
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Pulmonary ________ carry deoxygenated blood everywhere but heart and lungs.
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Arteries
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Pulmonary_____ carry oxygenated blood from heart to lungs and back to heart again.
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Veins
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Arteries start off big and branch off into smaller vessels known as arterioles which then divide into capillaries where _____ _______ occures b/w blood vessels and tissues.
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gas exchange
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Once gas exchange has occured, the blood returns back to heart via venules (small veins) which then turn into larger veins and end up where?
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IVC or SVC
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Capillaries are the location of?
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gas exchange
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Capillaries have very thin walls and this is important because gas exchange happens through what?
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diffusion, the thin walls allow for easy diffusion to occur
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blood will seperate into what 2 main portions?
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Fluid portion and Cellular portion
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Fluid portion is made up of what and what is the normal percentage?
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plasma
55% |
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Cellular portion is made up of what and what is the normal percentage?
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RBC's
45% |
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The entire cellular portion is also called____?
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Hematocrit
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Normal Hematocrite percentage
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40-45%
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True or Flase
Men have lower hematocrit than women |
False, women have lower hematocrite than men
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Thin white line between plasma and cellular element is called what?
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buffy coat
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What is the buffy coat composed of?
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WBC's and platelets
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What are platelets?
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cell fragments
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Platelets play a role in forming what?
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clots
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Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood and contains primarly of what?
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Water mainly, but also sodium, ions, metabolites, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and plasma protiens :)
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Plasma protiens makes up about ____% of plasma.
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7-9%
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The most abundant kind of plasma protien are?
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Albumin (60-80%)
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If you have low plasma protien, it can lead to what?
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Abdominal ascites
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Plasma protiens are a major contributor to the capillary ______ ______.
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osmotic pressure
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Blood osmolarity is about ______mosm
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300
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Normal blood PH is?
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7.4
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Hemoglobin is what part of the RBC's.
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Protein portion of red blood cell (RBC) that carries Oxygen.
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If you dont have a lot of hemogloblin, then you would have a reduced ability to carry O2 to your tissues this can become what?
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Hypoxic
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Normal value for hemoglobin is?
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15 grams/dL
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Globulins are also found in the blood, there are 3 different types. List them.
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Alpha, beta ,and gamma globulins
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Which globulin is essentially antibodies?
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Gamma
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Which globulin are produced by the liver and are used to transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins such as LDL, HLD, and VLDLs.
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Alpha and Beta
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Fibrinogen
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The precusor of fibrin and it is involved with forming clots.
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True or Flase
It is very important that we keep our plasma volume constant. |
True
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If our blood volume were too high what would this increase?
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Blood pressure increased and a higher workload on the heart
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If blood volume to low what would the effect be?
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not enough presure and blood would not perfuse to the organs
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What organ maintains our blood volume?
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Kidneys and endocrine system
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What receptors sense the change in blood volume?
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Osmoreceptors
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How do osomorecepter regulate blood volume?
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Osomorecptors stimulate ADH, (which makes you retain water) and it stimulates thirst.
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True or False
Too much water in the blood and a high amout of solutes makes the blood too concentrated |
False
Too little water and high amounts of solutes makes the blood too concentrated |
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Describe the structure of RBC's
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they are flat, biconcave discs
no nucleus no mitochondria |
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What is the reason for the concave curvature in RBC's?
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increase surface area, would mean more diffusion that can occur.
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Why is it important that RBC's do not contain mitochondria?
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because mitochondria would use up the O2 that RBC's are trying to transport to the tissue.
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What is the avg life span of RBC's?
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120 days
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What 3 things help in removing and replacing the aged RBC's?
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Spleen, liver, and bone marrow
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What condition will stimulate the production of red blood cells?
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Hypoxic
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Hypoxia?
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lung deseases, high altitudes, anemia, and blood loss
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Define Hemoglobin
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the protien in RBCs that carry oxygen
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Hemoglobin gives the red color of the cell, and consists of 4 chains, what are they?
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2 alpha
2 beta |
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What can you find in the center of the Hemoglobin?
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Heme
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What consists inside the heme group?
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Iron
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When iron molecule of the heme is ready to be recycled from the old RBC's it is carried by a protien called?
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Transferrin
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If you do not have enough iron in your diet, or low RBC's, it can lead to what?
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Anemia, this would make sense because you need iron to make heme hold on to the O2 in the blood
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List the different kinds or Anemia
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Iron deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia-lack of intrinsic factor/no B12 absorption Aplastic anemia-cannot make RBC b/c destruction of bone marrow Sickle cell anemia |
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Too many RBC's is called what?
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Polycythemia
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Polycythemia
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Thick blood making it too hard for the heart to pump
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When is polycythemia normal?
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In athletes or someone who has been living in high altitudes.
COPD |
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What are leukocytes?
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WBC's
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White blood cells contain 2 things that Red blood cells do not have.
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Nucleus
Mitochondria |
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When can you expect a high number or WBC's?
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site of infection or forgein intruder
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True or False
When you injure yourself, it is often outside the bloodstream, therefore WBC's go out and try to prevent you from getting an infection. |
True
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The process of White blood cells squeezing out of capillary walls is called?
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Diapedesis
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Once the WBC's are out of the bloodstream and into the tissues it's called?
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extravasation
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What are the 2 categories of WBC's?
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Agranulocytes
Granulocytes |
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What are the 2 Agranulocytes?
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Lymphocytes
Monocytes |
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Describe Lymphocytes
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most abundant agranulocytes but second most numerous leukocyte.
T-cells B-cells |
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Describe structure of Lymphocytes and their function?
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small cells with little cytoplasm that almost looks like a halo around them. Function in fighting infections
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T-cells
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cell mediated immunity (fight viruses)
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B-cells
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produce antibodies with give rise to plasma cells
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Antibodies
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protiens that recognize foreign antigens
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Antigen
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anything that the body recognizes as foreign
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Monocytes
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Give rise to macrophages. Have kidney shape nuclei. The largest Leukocyte
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Name the 3 Granulocytes
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Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, and
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Neutrophils
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Most abundant WBCs
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An immuture Neutrophil is called?
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band cells
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Once the neutrophil start maturing, the then sausage shape nuclei with now have 2-5 lobes making the neutrophil called what?
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polymorhonuclear leukocytes
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An elevated presence of Neutrophils is a sign of an ______.
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Infection
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Basophils
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Stained blue
Release histamine in response to an allergic reaction |
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Eosinophils
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Stained pink
Often elevated in presence of parasitic infection |
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An elevated WBCs
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Leukocytosis
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A reduced number WBCs
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Leukopenia
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Platelets are cell fragments of ___________ which are formed in bone marrow.
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Megakaryocytes
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Platelets have a very short life span, they live ___-___ days, and are destroyed by the ____ and_____.
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5-9
spleen liver |
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The main job of Platelets?
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To initiate blood clotting
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Platelets get recruited to damaged tissues and form a _____ _____.
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Platelet plug
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Platelets activate a lot of other clotting factors that activate the ______ cascade.
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Clotting
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Release of serotonin stimulates ______________ to seal off the area that was damaged.
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vasoconstriction
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Why wouldnt we want platelets to aggregate on a nondamaged blood vessel?
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platelets will form clotting in the vessel and block blood flow, platelets can break off and travel to lungs, heart, or brain causing pulmonary embolism, heart attack or stroke.
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Arthrosclerosis
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a condition where there is an accumulation of plaque in the vessels causing the vessels to roughen which stimulates clot formation
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Process of blood cell formation
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hematopoiesis
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Process of white blood cell formation
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leukopoiesis
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In the fetus vs adults what organ produces blood cells? (combo of rbc and wbc)
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Fetus-liver produces blood cells
Adults-bone marrow produces blood cells and lymphoid tissue produces WBCs only |
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Two classes of tissues
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myeloid tissue
lymphoid tissue |
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myeloid tissue
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red marrow of long bones
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lymphoid tissue
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lymphatic tissue and consists of lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus
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A precursor cell that give rise to multiple types of cells
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Totipotent cells
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totipontent cells give rise to myeloblast------->
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destined to become a granulocyte
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totipontent cells give rise to lymphoblasts-------->
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lymphocyte
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totipontent cells give rise to monoblasts--------->
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monocyte
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What mediates what subtype the totipontent will become?
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cytokine
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What protien stimutlates platelet production?
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thrombopoietin
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Thrombopoietin is available commercially and is used for patients who have received what?
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chemotherapy who have had a bone marrow destruction
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Erythopoiesis
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Red blood cell formation
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The protien involved with regulating erythopoiesis is ___________ produced in kidneys.
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erythropoietin
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If someone doesnt have a functional kidney you would expect them to be anemic causing protien erythropoietin secreted by the kidneys to make more RBCs. What condition is this?
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Hypoxia
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If someone had a recent blood loss, you would find an elevated amout of what in the bloodstream?
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reticulocytes
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Describe formation process of maturing into a RBCs.
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-Erythropoeitin bind to receptor proerythroblasts
-proerythroblasts-->erythroblast--->normoblast--->lose of nuclei--->reticulocyte leave marrow enter blood stream--->RBC |
