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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How much whole blood is in a human body
|
5 to 6 liters
|
|
|
How much of whole blood is plasma?
|
50 to 60%
|
|
|
What is serum?
|
Plasma minus the clotting factors
|
|
|
Of the plasma solids
|
which is the largest group?, Plasma Proteins 8 to 10%
|
|
|
What are some types of Plasma Protiens and where are they formed?
|
Albumin-Liver Alpha and Beta-Liver Gamma-Lymphoid tissue, Clotting factors-?
|
|
|
What is the concentration of rbc's in blood?
|
4.5 to 5.5 million per mm^3
|
|
|
What is the pathway for erythropoisis?
|
Stem cell - Proerythrolblast - Basophilic erythroblast - Erythroblast - Normoblast (lose nucleus) - Reticulocyte - Mature rbc
|
|
|
Regulation of Syntesis?
|
Any condition that reduces o2 delivery to cells will stimulate RBC synthesis.
|
|
|
Where does Erythropoietin come from?
|
The kidney
|
|
|
What group is Erythropoietin a part of?
|
The group of cytokines called Hematopoeitic Growth Factors
|
|
|
What is the lifespan of a RBC and where do they go to die?
|
120 days - The spleen (2.5 million per second)
|
|
|
What are the 2 parts of hemoglobin?
|
Heme (pigment) plus globin (protein)
|
|
|
What are the 4 parts of globin?
|
2 alpha chains (141 a.a.) and 2 beta chains (146 a.a.)
|
|
|
What is heme made up of?
|
Iron and Porhyrin
|
|
|
How much Hb is normal in the blood?
|
15 g per 100ml
|
|
|
How much o2 per gram of Hb?
|
1.34 ml
|
|
|
Hemoglobin saturated with O2?
|
oxyhemolgobin
|
|
|
Hemoglobin saturated with CO2?
|
carbamino hemoglobin
|
|
|
Hemoglobin saturated with CO?
|
carboxyhemoglobin
|
|
|
Why is CO dangerous?
|
It competes with O2 and has a 200x more affinity for hemoglobin
|
|
|
What is the breakdown of heme?
|
heme to iron and porhyrin-porhyrin to biliverdin - biliverdin to bilirubin
|
|
|
The 5 types of Anemia?
|
1. Hemorrhagic 2. Aplastic 3. Nutritional 4. Pernicious Anemia 5. Hemolytic
|
|
|
2 types of Nutritional Anemia?
|
iron/ferritin and folic acid
|
|
|
Pernicious Anemia?
|
Decreased parietal cell activity. decreased intrinsic fator. decreased absorbtion of vit b12. decreased mitosis
|
|
|
Another name for sickle cell anemia?
|
deoxyhemoglobin S (change in 6th a.a.)
|
|
|
Primary Polycythemia?
|
More dangerous. Tumorlike condition. 11 million RBC/mm (more than double) hematocrit = 80%
|
|
|
Secondary Polycythemia?
|
normal response to low O2
|
|
|
Leukocytes?
|
6 to 12 thousand per mm3. Short life span (4 days to months) and most outside of circulation
|
|
|
Different types of granulocytes and their percentages?
|
Granny is a phil....Neutrophils(65-70%). Eosinophils(1-2%). Basophils(.5-1%)
|
|
|
Different types of A-granulocytes and percentages?
|
Lymphocytes(20-24%). monocytes(5%)
|
|
|
What is a Differential White Blood Cell count?
|
The percentage distribution of different types of white blood cells
|
|
|
Where are luekocytes produced in the embryo?
|
bone marrow liver and spleen
|
|
|
Where are luekocytes produced in an adult?
|
bone marrow(granulocytes) and lymphoid tissue(A-granulocytes)
|
|
|
What does granulocyte-colony-stimulating growth factor do?
|
stimulates nuetrophils
|
|
|
What is chemotaxis?
|
Cells are drawn to injured area because of leucotaxine
|
|
|
Tell me about Neutrophils
|
Defense against ACUTE CONDITIONS SUCH AS APPENDICITIS SORE THROAT AND PHEUMONIA. They are phagocytic specialists and relase "NETs" that kill bacteria
|
|
|
Tell me about Eosinophils.
|
Increase during allergic reactions. They work together with Mast Cells to release eosinophil chemotactic factor
|
|
|
Tell me about Basophils.
|
Secrete an anticoagulant called heparin and a camical called histamine which is important in allergic reactions...are similar to mast cells
|
|
|
Tell me about Monocytes.
|
Defense against chronic conditions like tuberculosis and venereal disease. They are very active in phagocytosis and can enlarge to become macrophages
|
|
|
What are B-lymphocytes?
|
produce antibodies (also produced by plasma cells)
|
|
|
What are T-lymphocytes?
|
directly destroy specific target cells like cancer-ed or virus infected cells. Use CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY (mono nucleosis)
|
|
|
What happens in Leukemia?
|
tremendous increase in WBC that are immature and incapable of fighting disease. Up to 500,000 per mm3
|
|
|
What is Leukopenia?
|
Lack of WBCs due to radiation, drugs, or chemicals
|
|
|
How many Thrombocytes?
|
150 to 350 thousand per mm3
|
|
|
How are Thrombocytes formed?
|
megakaryocytes in the bone marrow recieve thrombopoetin and break up to form 1000 platelets
|
|
|
What do thrombocytes do?
|
form platelet plugs!
|
|
|
As they stick together
|
what do they release?, Seratonin. ADP. and a prostaglandin called thromboxane A2
|
|
|
What do Seratonin ADP and Thromboxane A2 do?
|
Stimulate vasoconstriction and make other platelets more sticky
|
|
|
How do platelets close wounds?
|
They have a high concentration of actin and myosin
|
|
|
How do platelets only plug up wounds?
|
Adjacent endothelial cells relase Prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) and nitric oxide. which inhibits platelet adhesion and dilates vessels
|
|
|
Thrombocytopenia?
|
Less than 50 thousand platelets. less than 10 will be fatal
|
|
|
What are the steps to blood clotting?
|
Vasoconstriction. Platelet plug forms. Fibrin makes blood clot
|
|
|
What chemical do damaged tissues release that help with the Extrinsic pathway of blood clots?
|
Tissue thromboplastin
|
|
|
What is the common pathway for intrinsic and extrinsic blood clot formation?
|
Prothrombin receives prothrombin activator and becomes Thrombin. This Thrombin combines with fibrinogen and calcium to form a loose fibrin clot. Clotting factor 13 is added to tighten clot
|
|
|
Clotting factor 1
|
fibrinogen
|
|
|
Clotting factor 2
|
Prothrombin
|
|
|
Clotting factor 3
|
Tissue thromboplastin
|
|
|
Clotting factor 4
|
Calcium
|
|
|
Clotting factor 8
|
Antihemophilic globulin
|
|
|
Clotting factor 9
|
Christmas factor
|
|
|
Clotting factor 13
|
Fibrin Stabilizing factor
|
|
|
What is Dicoumarol(Coumadin)
|
an Anti-coagulant that interferes with vit k
|
|
|
What is Heparin?
|
an anticoagulant that interferes with the formation of thrombin from prothrombin (secreted by basophils and mast cells)
|
|
|
What do citrates Oxalates and EDTA do?
|
tie up calcium (what we use to store blood)
|
|
|
How are clots broken down(Lysis of Clots or Finbrinolysis)
|
Plasminogen is activated by active factor 12 to form plasmin. which activates the fibrin clot to form degraged fibrin products
|
|
|
What are hemophelia A and B?
|
the lack of some clotting factor that increases bleeding (Hemophelia A lacks 8 85% and B is lack of 9)
|
|
|
True or false: Aspririn can inhibit clot formation
|
true
|
|
|
What is thrombocythemia
|
more than 500 thousand platelets can lead to excessive clotting
|
|
|
What are the four parts to our first line of immune defense(external)?
|
Skin (secretes lysozyme) Digestive tract. Respiratory tract. Genitourinary tract.
|
|
|
What are the second and third lines of defense for our immune system?
|
Phagocytic cells(2nd) and Immunity responses(3rd)
|
|
|
What are the 5 parts to a Non-specific Immune response?
|
1. Inflammation 2. Interferon (proteins from infected cells that stimulates macros and NK cells). 3. Fever (caused by endogenous pyrogen and leads to fall in plasma iron) 4. Natural Killer Cells! 5. Compement system (plasma proteins that destroy foreign membranes)
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of specific immune response?
|
1. Humoral (fluid)- B-lymphocytes secrete antibodies and 2. Cell-Mediated T-lymphocytes (t for thymus) personally attack antigens
|
|
|
What are 2 examples of autoimmunity diseases?
|
Rheumatic fever (strep antibodies attack heart and kidney) and Grave's( antibodies stimulate thyroid gland)
|
|
|
How much whole blood is in a human body
|
5 to 6 liters
|
|
|
How much of whole blood is plasma?
|
50 to 60%
|
|
|
What is serum?
|
Plasma minus the clotting factors
|
|
|
Of the plasma solids
|
which is the largest group?, Plasma Proteins 8 to 10%
|
|
|
What are some types of Plasma Protiens and where are they formed?
|
Albumin-Liver Alpha and Beta-Liver Gamma-Lymphoid tissue, Clotting factors-?
|
|
|
What is the concentration of rbc's in blood?
|
4.5 to 5.5 million per mm^3
|
|
|
What is the pathway for erythropoisis?
|
Stem cell - Proerythrolblast - Basophilic erythroblast - Erythroblast - Normoblast (lose nucleus) - Reticulocyte - Mature rbc
|
|
|
Regulation of Syntesis?
|
Any condition that reduces o2 delivery to cells will stimulate RBC synthesis.
|
|
|
Where does Erythropoietin come from?
|
The kidney
|
|
|
What group is Erythropoietin a part of?
|
The group of cytokines called Hematopoeitic Growth Factors
|
|
|
What is the lifespan of a RBC and where do they go to die?
|
120 days - The spleen (2.5 million per second)
|
|
|
What are the 2 parts of hemoglobin?
|
Heme (pigment) plus globin (protein)
|
|
|
What are the 4 parts of globin?
|
2 alpha chains (141 a.a.) and 2 beta chains (146 a.a.)
|
|
|
What is heme made up of?
|
Iron and Porhyrin
|
|
|
How much Hb is normal in the blood?
|
15 g per 100ml
|
|
|
How much o2 per gram of Hb?
|
1.34 ml
|
|
|
Hemoglobin saturated with O2?
|
oxyhemolgobin
|
|
|
Hemoglobin saturated with CO2?
|
carbamino hemoglobin
|
|
|
Hemoglobin saturated with CO?
|
carboxyhemoglobin
|
|
|
Why is CO dangerous?
|
It competes with O2 and has a 200x more affinity for hemoglobin
|
|
|
What is the breakdown of heme?
|
heme to iron and porhyrin-porhyrin to biliverdin - biliverdin to bilirubin
|
|
|
The 5 types of Anemia?
|
1. Hemorrhagic 2. Aplastic 3. Nutritional 4. Pernicious Anemia 5. Hemolytic
|
|
|
2 types of Nutritional Anemia?
|
iron/ferritin and folic acid
|
|
|
Pernicious Anemia?
|
Decreased parietal cell activity. decreased intrinsic fator. decreased absorbtion of vit b12. decreased mitosis
|
|
|
Another name for sickle cell anemia?
|
deoxyhemoglobin S (change in 6th a.a.)
|
|
|
Primary Polycythemia?
|
More dangerous. Tumorlike condition. 11 million RBC/mm (more than double) hematocrit = 80%
|
|
|
Secondary Polycythemia?
|
normal response to low O2
|
|
|
Leukocytes?
|
6 to 12 thousand per mm3. Short life span (4 days to months) and most outside of circulation
|
|
|
Different types of granulocytes and their percentages?
|
Granny is a phil....Neutrophils(65-70%). Eosinophils(1-2%). Basophils(.5-1%)
|
|
|
Different types of A-granulocytes and percentages?
|
Lymphocytes(20-24%). monocytes(5%)
|
|
|
What is a Differential White Blood Cell count?
|
The percentage distribution of different types of white blood cells
|
|
|
Where are luekocytes produced in the embryo?
|
bone marrow liver and spleen
|
|
|
Where are luekocytes produced in an adult?
|
bone marrow(granulocytes) and lymphoid tissue(A-granulocytes)
|
|
|
What does granulocyte-colony-stimulating growth factor do?
|
stimulates nuetrophils
|
|
|
What is chemotaxis?
|
Cells are drawn to injured area because of leucotaxine
|
|
|
Tell me about Neutrophils
|
Defense against ACUTE CONDITIONS SUCH AS APPENDICITIS SORE THROAT AND PHEUMONIA. They are phagocytic specialists and relase "NETs" that kill bacteria
|
|
|
Tell me about Eosinophils.
|
Increase during allergic reactions. They work together with Mast Cells to release eosinophil chemotactic factor
|
|
|
Tell me about Basophils.
|
Secrete an anticoagulant called heparin and a camical called histamine which is important in allergic reactions...are similar to mast cells
|
|
|
Tell me about Monocytes.
|
Defense against chronic conditions like tuberculosis and venereal disease. They are very active in phagocytosis and can enlarge to become macrophages
|
|
|
What are B-lymphocytes?
|
produce antibodies (also produced by plasma cells)
|
|
|
What are T-lymphocytes?
|
directly destroy specific target cells like cancer-ed or virus infected cells. Use CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY (mono nucleosis)
|
|
|
What happens in Leukemia?
|
tremendous increase in WBC that are immature and incapable of fighting disease. Up to 500,000 per mm3
|
|
|
What is Leukopenia?
|
Lack of WBCs due to radiation, drugs, or chemicals
|
|
|
How many Thrombocytes?
|
150 to 350 thousand per mm3
|
|
|
How are Thrombocytes formed?
|
megakaryocytes in the bone marrow recieve thrombopoetin and break up to form 1000 platelets
|
|
|
What do thrombocytes do?
|
form platelet plugs!
|
|
|
As they stick together
|
what do they release?, Seratonin. ADP. and a prostaglandin called thromboxane A2
|
|
|
What do Seratonin ADP and Thromboxane A2 do?
|
Stimulate vasoconstriction and make other platelets more sticky
|
|
|
How do platelets close wounds?
|
They have a high concentration of actin and myosin
|
|
|
How do platelets only plug up wounds?
|
Adjacent endothelial cells relase Prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) and nitric oxide. which inhibits platelet adhesion and dilates vessels
|
|
|
Thrombocytopenia?
|
Less than 50 thousand platelets. less than 10 will be fatal
|
|
|
What are the steps to blood clotting?
|
Vasoconstriction. Platelet plug forms. Fibrin makes blood clot
|
|
|
What chemical do damaged tissues release that help with the Extrinsic pathway of blood clots?
|
Tissue thromboplastin
|
|
|
What is the common pathway for intrinsic and extrinsic blood clot formation?
|
Prothrombin receives prothrombin activator and becomes Thrombin. This Thrombin combines with fibrinogen and calcium to form a loose fibrin clot. Clotting factor 13 is added to tighten clot
|
|
|
Clotting factor 1
|
fibrinogen
|
|
|
Clotting factor 2
|
Prothrombin
|
|
|
Clotting factor 3
|
Tissue thromboplastin
|
|
|
Clotting factor 4
|
Calcium
|
|
|
Clotting factor 8
|
Antihemophilic globulin
|
|
|
Clotting factor 9
|
Christmas factor
|
|
|
Clotting factor 13
|
Fibrin Stabilizing factor
|
|
|
What is Dicoumarol(Coumadin)
|
an Anti-coagulant that interferes with vit k
|
|
|
What is Heparin?
|
an anticoagulant that interferes with the formation of thrombin from prothrombin (secreted by basophils and mast cells)
|
|
|
What do citrates Oxalates and EDTA do?
|
tie up calcium (what we use to store blood)
|
|
|
How are clots broken down(Lysis of Clots or Finbrinolysis)
|
Plasminogen is activated by active factor 12 to form plasmin. which activates the fibrin clot to form degraged fibrin products
|
|
|
True or false: Aspririn can inhibit clot formation
|
true
|
|
|
What is thrombocythemia
|
more than 500 thousand platelets can lead to excessive clotting
|
|
|
What are the four parts to our first line of immune defense(external)?
|
Skin (secretes lysozyme) Digestive tract. Respiratory tract. Genitourinary tract.
|
|
|
What are the second and third lines of defense for our immune system?
|
Phagocytic cells(2nd) and Immunity responses(3rd)
|
|
|
What are the 5 parts to a Non-specific Immune response?
|
1. Inflammation 2. Interferon (proteins from infected cells that stimulates macros and NK cells). 3. Fever (caused by endogenous pyrogen and leads to fall in plasma iron) 4. Natural Killer Cells! 5. Compement system (plasma proteins that destroy foreign membranes)
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of specific immune response?
|
1. Humoral (fluid)- B-lymphocytes secrete antibodies and 2. Cell-Mediated T-lymphocytes (t for thymus) personally attack antigens
|
|
|
What are 2 examples of autoimmunity diseases?
|
Rheumatic fever (strep antibodies attack heart and kidney) and Grave's( antibodies stimulate thyroid gland)
|
