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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Outline the structural levels of organisation of the body. |
Chemical - Cellular - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism |
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Describe the anatomical position? |
Standing, arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet facing forward. |
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Name and describe the 4 anatomical planes. |
1. Sagittal -Para-sagittal & Mid-sagittal 2. Frontal (Coronal) 3. Transverse 4. Oblique |
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Name and describe the directional terms for anatomy.
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Anterior - front
Posterior - back Superior - top Inferior - bottom Proximal - closer to body Distal - further away from body Medial - closer to midline Lateral - further from midline |
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Name the 2 main body cavities.
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1. Dorsal Body Cavity
2. Ventral Body Cavity |
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What are the 2 cavities within the Dorsal Body Cavity?
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1. Cranial cavity - formed by the skull and contains the brain.
2. Spinal cavity - formed by the vertebrae and contains the spinal cord. |
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What are the 2 cavities within the Ventral Body Cavity?
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1. Thoracic cavity - consists of the left and right pleural (lung) cavities and the pericardial (heart) cavity.
2. Abdominopelvic cavity - consists of the abdominal (stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestine, and most of the large intestine) and pelvic (bladder and internal reproductive organs) cavities. |
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Define 'homeostasis'.
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Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal condition of the body.
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Define 'variable'.
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A characteristic, number, or quantity that increases or decreases over time, or takes different values in different situations. They can be independent or dependent variables.
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Define 'set point range'.
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A narrow limit of values, in which homeostasis attempts to maintain a variable.
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Define 'stimulus'.
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A stimulus can be external or internal and triggers a variable to change.
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What are the 3 main components of a homeostatic mechanism?
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1. Sensors
2. Control/integration centre 3. Effectors |
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What are the two communication pathways of homeostatic mechanisms?
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Nerves and hormones.
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Give 2 examples of the three homeostatic components maintaining homeostasis.
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1. Negative Feedback Regulation of Core Body Temperature
2. Positive Feedback Regulation of Labour |
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Negative Feedback Regulation of Core Body Temperature - What is the set point range?
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Approximately 36 degrees
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Negative Feedback Regulation of Core Body Temperature - What is the sensor?
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Thermoreceptors
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Negative Feedback Regulation of Core Body Temperature - Where is the control/integration centre?
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Hypothalamus
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Negative Feedback Regulation of Core Body Temperature - What are the 4 effectors?
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1. Blood vessels
2. Sweat glands 3. Skeletal muscle 4. Thyroid gland |
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Negative Feedback Regulation of Core Body Temperature - What signal pathway is utilised in this regulation?
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Nerves
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What does a sensor do in response to an INCREASE in core body temperature?
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Detects the high temperature.
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What does the control/integration centre do in response to an INCREASE in core body temperature?
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Compares temperature to the set point range.
Sends signals to sweat glands and blood vessels. |
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What do the effectors do in response to an INCREASE in core body temperature?
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Sweat glands produce sweat.
Blood vessels dilate. |
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What does a sensor do in response to an DECREASE in core body temperature?
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Detect low temperature.
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What does the control/integration centre do in response to an DECREASE in core body temperature?
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Compares temperature to set point range.
Sends signals to blood vessels, skeletal muscles and thyroid gland. |
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What do the effectors do in response to an DECREASE in core body temperature?
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Bood vessels constrict.
Skeletal muscles contract to cause shivering. Thyroid gland increases BMR. |
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Positive Feedback Regulation of Labour - What is the set point range?
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No cervical stretch.
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Positive Feedback Regulation of Labour - What is the sensor?
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Stretch receptors.
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Positive Feedback Regulation of Labour - What is the control/integration centre?
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Hypothalamus
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Positive Feedback Regulation of Labour - What is the effectors?
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Smooth muscle of the uterus.
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Positive Feedback Regulation of Labour - What signal pathways are utilised in this regulation?
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Nerves.
Hormones (oxytocin). |
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What is a negative feedback mechanism?
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Negative feedback mechanisms are inhibitory systems that oppose changes in variables by generating an effector response in the opposite direction to the initial change.
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What is a positive feedback mechanism?
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Positive feedback mechanisms are stimulatory systems that enhance the changes in variables by generating an effector response which amplifies the initial change. Very specific stimuli --> drastic change.
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