Bios Exam 3 Ch 10

Front 1

reduce all sensations (mostly known for pain) and a sense of well-being and euphoria

Back 1

narcotic analgesics

Front 2

opium contains

Back 2

morphine, codeine, thebaine, narcotine

Front 3

when inducing opiates, vomiting is a common side effect due to the morphine's effect on the

Back 3

area postrema

Front 4

if one drug is more effective than another at inducing a physiological effect, then

Back 4

it should bind to the tissue at a lower concentration than does the less-effective drug

Front 5

three major opioid receptor subtypes

Back 5

u-receptor, s-receptor, k-receptor

Front 6

this receptor has a high affinity for morphine and related opiates and is widely distributed in the brain and spinal cord

Back 6

u-receptor

Front 7

for u-receptors this occurs in the medial thalamus, periaqueductal gray, median raphe, and spinal cord

Back 7

analgesia

Front 8

for the u-receptor, reinforcement occurs in the

Back 8

nucleus accumbens

Front 9

for the u-receptor, cardiovascular and respiratory depression, cough control, inducing nausea, and vomiting occurs in the

Back 9

brain stem

Front 10

for the u-receptor, the role in sensory-motor integration occurs in the ____ and the ____

Back 10

thalamus, striatum

Front 11

this receptor has a distribution similar to, but more restricted than the u-receptor

Back 11

s-receptor

Front 12

for the s-receptor, this occurs in the neocortex, striatum, olfactory areas, substantia nigra, and the nucleus accumbens (4)

Back 12

roles of olfaction, motor integration, reinforcement, and cognitive function

Front 13

this receptor is identified by high-binding to ketocyclazocine, an opiate analog that produces hallucinations and dysphoria; has diff distribution than u and s receptors

Back 13

k-receptor

Front 14

k-receptors occur in these 4 areas

Back 14

striatum, amygdala, hypothalamus, and pituitary

Front 15

k-receptors may function in (3)

Back 15

pain perception, feeding, temperature control

Front 16

stimulation of this particular brain area causes ____ and the opiate antagonist ____ inhibits this effect

Back 16

periaqueductal gray, causes analgesia, naloxone

Front 17

one class of endogenous morphine receptor ligands and all are produced by processing of large propeptides

Back 17

enkephalins

Front 18

the three genes/propeptides

Back 18

1) prodynorphin 2) proenkephalin 3) pro-opiomelanocortin

Front 19

this gene/propeptide produces neoendorphin and dynorphins

Back 19

prodynorphin

Front 20

this gene/propeptide produces enkephalins

Back 20

proenkephalin

Front 21

this gene/propeptide produces enorphin and a number of non-opioid transmitters, including adrenogorticotropic hormone (stress hormone)

Back 21

pro-opiomelanocortin

Front 22

another class of endogenous morphine receptor ligands are the

Back 22

endomorphins

Front 23

this class of endogenous morphine receptor ligands bind selectively to this receptor and is as potent as morphine in pain relief

Back 23

endomorphins, u-receptor

Front 24

propeptides are located in these three areas

Back 24

brain, spinal chord, peripheral nervous system

Front 25

propeptides are concentrated in areas concerning ____ and ____

Back 25

pain modulation, mood

Front 26

pro-opiomelanocortin is in particularly high concentration in the

Back 26

pituitary

Front 27

this hormone increases pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA production, and thus a later increase in ____ from the pituitary

Back 27

adrenocorticotropic, endorphins

Front 28

with respect to the CNS, although some opioid neurons are _____ neurons, many are ________

Back 28

projection, local interneurons

Front 29

opioids do not themselves change the _______ activity, but change the way the _______ respond to other inputs

Back 29

postsynaptic neuron x2

Front 30

the _____ (derived from proenkephalin) are likely the natural ligand for the _____

Back 30

enkephalins, s-receptor

Front 31

the _____ (derived from prodynorphin) are likely the natural ligand for the ______

Back 31

dynorphins, k-receptor

Front 32

the _____ are likely the natural ligand for the u-receptor

Back 32

endomorphins

Front 33

the _____ (derived form pro-opiomelanocortin) are likely the natural ligand for both the __ and __ receptors

Back 33

endorphins, u/s

Front 34

opioid receptor-mediated cellular changes are

Back 34

inhibitory

Front 35

opioid receptors are ____ linked and therefore can change postsynaptic activity either by ____ or _____

Back 35

G-protein; directly changing channel opening; alter second messenger production

Front 36

opioid receptors can open _ channels, and thus causes _______

Back 36

K, postsynaptic neuron hyperpolarization

Front 37

opioid receptors can close __ channels on presynaptic terminals, and thus ____ transmitter release from one neuron to the other

Back 37

Ca, reduce

Front 38

for opioid neurons that are co-localized with other transmitters, ______ cause ______ of all the neuron's transmitters

Back 38

opioid autoreceptors, reduced release

Front 39

all three receptors also reduce _____ production

Back 39

cAMP

Front 40

early pain is carried rapidly conducting _______ to the _____ and ___ ________

Back 40

myelinated fibers; primary and secondary somatosensory cortex

Front 41

late pain is carried by slowly conducting _______ to ____ brain areas

Back 41

non-myelinated fibers; limbic brain area

Front 42

three general mechanisms of opioids inhibiting pain transmission

Back 42

1) within spinal cord by small inhibitory interneurons 2) two descending pathways originating in the periaqueductal grey 3) at higher brain sites, emotional and hormonal aspects of pain response

Front 43

in spinal pathways, primary sensory pain afferents can either ____ onto _____ carrying pain info to the brain, or via an ____ ____ ____

Back 43

directly synapse, projection neurons; intervening excitatory interneuron

Front 44

spinal pathways can be inhibited by descending inputs that either inhibit the _____ or the ____

Back 44

projection neuron, interposed excitatory interneuron

Front 45

periaqueductal grey neurons are rich in ____ and stimulation of this region induces _____

Back 45

opioids, analgesia

Front 46

periaqueductal grey neurons project to ____ cells in the _____

Back 46

serotonergic cells; raphe nuclei

Front 47

periaqueductal grey neurons also innervate _____ neurons in the ______

Back 47

noradrenergic neurons, locus coeruleus

Front 48

opiates reduce the threshold for ______ to be reinforcing

Back 48

intracranial electrical stimulation

Front 49

_____ also induce self-administration, and are believed to work through _ or _ receptors. _ receptor agonists are not self-administered

Back 49

endorphins, u or s; k receptors

Front 50

self-administration of opiates occurs when _____ containing the opiates is situated near the ____ _____ _____

Back 50

microcannula; ventral tegmental neurons

Front 51

opiates increase ______ neuron firing, thus it releases dopamine into the _____ _____

Back 51

ventral tegmental; nucleus accumbens

Front 52

_ receptor agonists decrease _____ neuron firing

Back 52

ventral tegmental

Front 53

endorphins and other reinforcing opiates inhibit _____ neurons in the VTA, which _____ inhibition to the dopaminergic neurons, increasing their firing

Back 53

GABAergic; decreases

Front 54

____ and similar k receptor agonists presynaptically ____ dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens

Back 54

dynorphin; inhibit

Front 55

3 mechanisms of tolerance

Back 55

1) increased rate of metabolism 2) classical conditioning 3) due to changes in nerve cells that compensate for chronic presence of opioids

Front 56

two areas of brain that play major role in withdrawal syndrome

Back 56

periaqueductal grey and locus coeruleus

Front 57

despite its importance in reinforcement, injecting opiate antagonists in the ____ does not induce physical withdrawal symptoms

Back 57

nucleus accumbens

Front 58

acute morphine administration inhibits ____, which produces ____

Back 58

adenylyl cyclase, cAMP

Front 59

co-administration of _____ with _____ would block both cellular changes and conditioning, and thus reduces development of dependence

Back 59

NMDA receptor antagonists; opiates