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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
James-Lange theory |
The theory that emotional experience results from the brains perception of the pattern of autonomic and somatic nervous system responses elicited by emotion inducing sensory stimuli |
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Cannon-Bard theory |
The theory that emotional experience and emotional expression are parallel processes that have no direct causal relation |
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Decorticate |
Lacking a cortex |
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Sham rage |
The exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive responses of decorticate animals |
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Limbic system |
A collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that borders the thalamus and is widely assumed to play a role in emotion |
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome |
The syndrome of behavioural changes like a lack of fear or hypersexuality that is induced in primates by bilateral damage to the anterior temporal lobes |
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Amygdala |
A structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus: plays a role in the emotional significance of memories |
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Polygraphy |
A method of interrogation in which autonomic nervous system indexes of emotion are used to infer the truthfulness of the responses |
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Control-question technique |
A lie-detection interrogation method in which the polygrapher compares the physiological responses to target questions with responses to the control questions |
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Guilty-knowledge technique |
A lie-detection method in which the polygrapher records autonomic nervous system responses to a list of control and crime-related information known only to the guilty person and the examiner |
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Facial feedback hypothesis |
The hypothesis that our facial expressions can influence how we feel |
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Duchenne smile |
A genuine smile, one that includes contraction of the facial muscles called the orbicularis oculi |
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Fear |
The emotional reaction that is normally elicited by the presence or expectation of threatening stimuli |
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Defensive behaviours |
Behaviours whose primary function is protection from threat or harm |
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Aggressive behaviours |
Behaviours whose primary function is to threaten or harm other organisms |
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Alpha male |
The dominant male of a colony |
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Target-site concept |
The idea that aggressive and defensive behaviours of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own |
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Fear conditioning |
Establishing fear of a previously neutral conditional stimulus by pairing it with an aversive unconditional stimulus |
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Hippocampus |
A structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in memory for spatial location |
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Lateral nucleus of the amygdala |
The nucleus of the amygdala that plays the major role in the acquisition, storage and expression of conditioned fear |
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Prefrontal cortex |
The areas of frontal cortex that are anterior to the frontal motor areas |
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Stress |
The physiological response to physical or psychological threat |
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Stressors |
Experiences that induce the stress response |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
The anterior pituitary hormone that triggers the release of gonadal and adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortex |
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Glucocorticoids |
Steroid hormones that are released from the adrenal cortex in response to stressors |
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Adrenal cortex |
The outer layer of the adrenal glands, which releases glucocorticoids in response to stressors, as well as steroid hormones in small amounts |
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Adrenal medulla |
The core of each adrenal gland, which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stressors |
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Cytokines |
A group of peptide hormones that are released by many cells and participate in a variety of physiological and immunological responses, causing inflammation and fever |
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Subordination stress |
Stress experienced by animals, typically males, that are continually attacked by higher-ranking conspecifics |
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Psychosomatic disorder |
Any physical disorder that can be caused or exacerbated by stress |
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Gastric ulcers |
Painful lesions to the lining of the stomach or duodenum |
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Psychoneuroimmunology |
The study of interactions among psychological factors, the nervous system and the immune system |
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Immune system |
The system that infects the body against infectious micro-organisms |
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Antigens |
Proteins on the surface of cells that identify them as native or foreign |
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Innate immune system |
The immune system's first line of defense; it acts near entry points to the body and attacks generic classes of molecules produced by a variety of pathogens |
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Pathogens |
Disease-causing agents |
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Adaptive immune system |
The division of the immune system that mounts targeted attacks on foreign pathogens by binding to antigens in their cell membranes |
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Vaccination |
Administering a weakened form of a virus so that if the virus later invades,the adaptive immune system is prepared to deal with it |
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Immunization |
The process of creating immunity through vaccination |
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Toll-like receptors |
Receptors found in the cell membranes of many cells of the innate immune system; they trigger phagocytosis and inflammatory responses |
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Phagocytes |
Cells, such as macrophages and microglia,that destroy and ingest pathogens |
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Macrophage |
A large phagocyte that plays a role in cell mediated immunity |
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Phagocytosis |
The destruction and ingestion of foreign matter by cells of the immune system |
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Lymphocytes |
Specialised white blood cells that are produced in bone marrow and play important roles in the body's immune reactions |
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Cell-mediated immunity |
The immune reaction by which T cells destroy invading micro-organisms |
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Antibody-mediated immunity |
The immune reaction by which B cells destroy invading micro-organisms |
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B cells |
B lymphocytes; lymphocytes that manufacture antibodies against antigens then encounter |
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Antibodies |
Proteins that bind specifically to antigens on the surface of the invading micro-organisms and in so doing promote the destruction of the micro-organisms |
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T-reg cells |
Regulatory T cells; they protect the body from autoimmune disease by identifiying and destroying T cells that engage in autoimmune activity |
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Autoimmune diseases |
Diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis) that arise when the immune system begins to attack healthy body cells as if they were foreign pathogens |
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Epigenetic |
Not of the genes; refers to non-genetic means by which traits are passed from parents to offspring |
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Corticosterone |
The predominant glucocorticoid in humans |
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Adrenalectomy |
Surgical removal of the adrenal glands |
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Mirror-like system |
Areas of the cortex that are active both when a person performs a particular response and when the person perceives somebody else performing the same response - relates to mirror neurons (they fire during this system) |
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Urbach-Wiethe disease |
A genetic disorder that often results in the calcification of the amygdala and surrounding brain structures |
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Suppression paradigm |
An experimental method for studying emotion; subjects are asked to inhibit their emotional reactions to unpleasant films or photos while their brain activity is recorded |
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Reappraisal paradigm |
An experimental method for studying emotion; subjects are asked to reinterpret a film or photo to change their emotional reaction to it while their brain activity is recorded |