Physiological Psychology - Ch.17. Biopsychology Of Emotions, Stress And Health From John P.j. Pinel

Front 1

What are the 3 ingredients of emotion?

Back 1

1) assessment of situation (cognition)
2) Conscious experience (feeling)
3) Physiological arousal (readiness for action)

Front 2

Which part of Phineas Gage brain was damged and caused his agression and irresponsibility?

Back 2

the medial prefrontal lobe

Front 3

What is the principle of antithesis?

Back 3

The phenomenon where opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures. E.g. agression (ears forward, hair up, tail up) submission (ears down, hair down, tails down)

Front 4

Describe the James-Lange theory.

Back 4

According to the James-Lange theory, emotion-inducing sensory stimuli are received and interpreted by teh cortex, which triggers changes in the visceral organs via teh autonomic nervous system and in the skeletal muscle via teh somatic nervous system. Then, the ANS and SNS trigger the experience of eotion in the brain.

Front 5

Flow chart of emotion in the James-Lange theory.

Back 5

1) Cognitive appraisal
2) Body sensation and arousal
3) Cortex interprete body responses and identify/feel emotion

Front 6

In the James-Lange theory, what causes what?

Back 6

Physiological changes causes emotion.

Front 7

According to the James-Lange theory, what are emotions?

Back 7

emotions are different combinations of physiological changes. The cortex can identify different pattern of physiological responses to stimuli and determine what we feel.

Front 8

What are the criticisms of the James-Lange theory?

Back 8

- Body's responses are often too general. E.g. fear and anger cause very similar physiological response
- humans are not very sensitive to physiological functions e.g. heart rate, blood pressure
- physical changes sometimes takes a while to show e.g. 15 secs until blushing when embaraased.

Front 9

Describe the Cannon-Bard theory

Back 9

Emotional stimuli have two independent excitatory effects: They excite both the feelin of emotion in the brain and the expression of emotion in the antonomic and somatic nervous systems.

Front 10

According to the Cannon-Bard view of emotion, is the feeling of emotion in response to stimuli a serial process?

Back 10

No, Bard proposed that physiological reactions and emtional experiences are parallel processes that have no direct causal relation.

Front 11

Is arousal necessary for emotion according to the James-Lange theory?
and to the Cannon-Bard theory?

Back 11

According to the James-Lange theory, emotion is entirely dependent on arousal.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotion is independent from arousal.

Front 12

What are some of the criticism for the Cannon Bard theory?

Back 12

Autonomic adn somatic responses to emotional stimuli can influence emotional experience.

Front 13

What is sham rage?

Back 13

These are inappropriately severe, non-directive aggression seen in decorticated animals.f

Front 14

What is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

Back 14

Damage of the amygdala causes a lack of fear, inappropriate behaviors. In monkeys, the consumption of almost anything that is edible, increased sexual activity often directed at inappropriate objectsd, a tendency to repeatedly investigate familiar objects, a tendency to investigate objects with teh mouth and a lack of fear.

Front 15

Describe Pure Autonomic Failure.

Back 15

It occurs usually later in life (40 or 50 yrs of age). More in female than in male. Output from the ANS completely fails or partially fails to reach body.
Physiological arousal happens but disconnected from ANS. E.g. stress does not lead to increase heart rate.

Front 16

Do people with Pure autonomic failure still feels emotions?

Back 16

Yes, they do but they do so in a less intense manner. They typically describe it as cognitive. They think through the situation and generate how they need to feel.

Front 17

Which theory, James-Lange or Cannon-Bard theory, does the Pure autonomic failure patients supports?

Back 17

It supports the Cannon-Bard theory, that emotions are not dependent on physiological arousal.
If it was Jame-Lange theory, patients should not feel emotions at all because they lack physiological arousal.

Front 18

Is arousal suffient to explain emotions?

Back 18

No.

Front 19

What evidence are there to support the notion that arousal is insuffient to justify emotions?

Back 19

Adrenaline injection does not lead to a specific emotion, but if the context changes, that people will make sense of the physiological change caused by the adrenaline.

Front 20

There are non-emotional stimuli that can cause arousal changes without bringong on emotional responses. E.g. Jogging Which theory does this NOT support?

Back 20

The James-Lange theory. According to the james-Lange theory, certain sets of physiological response shoudl yield a certain emotion, but in teh case of jogging, we do not feel fear or anger when our heart beat faster.

Front 21

When we experience physiological arousal that we cannot explain by the context, what do we conclude?

Back 21

panic attacks.

Front 22

Describe the Shacter 2-factors theory.

Back 22

A stimuli casues an autonomic arousal. Our cognition attempts to interpret the arousal by the context and our past experience. Therefore, emotions experienced are context and history-dependent. The interpretation happens very quick and we may not be conscious of it.

Front 23

What is one example that describe the schacter 2-factor theory?

Back 23

E.g. Skydiving = fun or scary?
almost getting hit by a car = fun or scary?
both situation yields the same physiological changes, but we apply different interpretation.

Front 24

What is correct about the James-Lange theory?

Back 24

It suggests that different emotions have different physiological patterns

Front 25

What is incorrect about the James-Lange theory?

Back 25

Each physiological pattern changes is very subtle, not as precise as the theory suggests.

Front 26

What is correct about the Cannon-Bard theory?

Back 26

That people are insensitve monitor of their own bodies.

Front 27

What is correct about the Schacter 2-factor theory?

Back 27

That people use context and history to interpret physiological arousal.

Front 28

What is the amygdala?

Back 28

The amydala is part of the limbic system. It is responsible for emotions especially fear conditioning.

Front 29

There are two pathways to fear. Describe the fast one.

Back 29

The fast path is when the thalamus directly transmit stimulation to the amygdala. It is often very fast, and causes a startled response - it's quick and dirty.
E.g. startled by sudden sound.

Front 30

Another pathway to fear is slow. Describe this slow pathway.

Back 30

The thalamus relays sensory information first to the sensory cortex (visual/auditory) for understanding and interpretation of event, THEN to the amygdala for emotional response. responses from this pahtway is usually less intense and often make us feel silly after we are startled.

Front 31

Which brain structure is responsible for fear of situation/place?

Back 31

The hippocampus has this spacial sensitivity. Place cells.

Front 32

Electrical stimulation of amygdala leads to what?

Back 32

vague, apprehension and nervousness.. just uncomfortable arousal.

Front 33

What happens to the individual if he/she has a bilateral amygdala damage?

Back 33

he/she will has an impaired fear response.
E.g. monkey becomes not afraid of snakes; women lacks normal sense of distrust or danger. Psychopaths have abnormal amygdala, they have decreased nervousness and fear; they can easily pass lie detectors.

Front 34

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Back 34

They hypothesis that our facal expressions influence our emotional experience.

Front 35

What is alpha male?

Back 35

The dominant male.

Front 36

what is subordination stress?

Back 36

When conspecific threat becomes an enduring feature of daily life.

Front 37

This person criticized teh James-Lange theory because he thought the body's response was too slow to be the cause of a conscious emotional experience

Back 37

Walter Cannon

Front 38

This hormone is released when mothers give birth, and later when they look at their babies' faces.

Back 38

Oxytocin

Front 39

This type of test can tell you an animal's preference, but it cannot tell you how much it likes or dislikes something.

Back 39

Forced choice test

Front 40

This neurotransmitter is released when animals or humans do things that increase their chances of survival.

Back 40

dopamine

Front 41

Shame is an example of this kind of emotion, which can only occur after a person or animal is cognitively developed enough to understand what it SHOULD have done, but did not do.

Back 41

Secondary emotion