Biopsychology Exam 2

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Sry Gene

Back 1

A gene on the Y-chromosome that triggers the release of sry protein, which in turn stimulates the development of testees

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Sry Protein

Back 2

Protein that causes the medulla of each primordial gonad to develop into a testis

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Down syndrome

Back 3

Disorder associated with presence of an extra chromosome 21/ resulting in disfigurement and mental retardation

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Williams Syndrome

Back 4

neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, accompanied by preserved language and social skills

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Autism

Back 5

Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by (1) a reduced ability to interpret the emotions and intentions of others (2) a reduced capacity for social interaction and communication (3) a preoccupation with a single subject or activity

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Punch Drunk Syndrome

Back 6

The dementia and cerebral scarring that results from repeated concussions

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Meningiomas

Back 7

Tumors that grow between the meninges

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Epileptic Aura

Back 8

Psychological symptoms that precede the onset of convulsions

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Encephalitis

Back 9

inflammation associated with brain infection

Front 10

Parkinson's disease

Back 10

movement disorder that is associated with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway

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Huntington's Disease

Back 11

A progressive terminal disorder of motor and intellectual function that is produced in adulthood by a dominant gene

Front 12

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 12

Progressive disease that attacks the myelin of axons in the CNS

Front 13

Concussion

Back 13

Disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head with no cerebral bleeding or obvious structural damage

Front 14

Thrombuses

Back 14

Blockage of blood flow from a plug (a thrombus)at the site of its formations

Front 15

Emboluses

Back 15

Blockage of blood flow in a smaller blood vessel by a plug that was formed by in a larger blood vessel and carried by the bloodstream to the smaller one

Front 16

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 16

The major cause of dementia in old age, characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and neuron loss

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Stroke

Back 17

Sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage

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Anorexia Nervosa

Back 18

eating disorder that is characterized by a pathological fear of obesity and that results in health-threatening weightloss

Front 19

Appetizer effect

Back 19

increase in hunger that is produced by the consumption of small of palatable food

Front 20

Positive incentive value of food

Back 20

the anticipated pleasure associated with a particular action, such as taking a drug (or eating)

Front 21

Bulimia Nervousa

Back 21

Eating disorder that is characterized by recurring cycles of fasting, bingeing, and purging without dangerous weight loss

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Prader-willi syndrome

Back 22

neural developmental disorder that is characterized by insatiable appetite and exceptionally slow metabolism

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Types of energy

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Lipids: Fats

Amino acids: The building blocks and breakdown products of proteins

Glucose: simple sugar that is the breakdown product of complex carbohydrates; body's primary directly usable source of energy

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Recuperation theories

Back 24

Theories based in the premise that being awake disturbs the bodys homeostasis and the function of sleep is to restore it

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Adaptaion theories

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Theories of sleep based on the premise that sleep evolved to protect organisms from predation and accidents and to conserve their energy, rather than to fulfill some particular need

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Activation-synthesis theory of dreaming

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theory that dream content reflects the cerebral cortex's inherent tendency to make sense of, and give form to, the random signals it receives form the brain stem during rem sleep

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Hypersomnia

Back 27

Disorders characterized by excessive sleep or sleepiness

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Sleep Apnea

Back 28

Condition in which in which sleep is repeatedly disturbed by momentary interruptions in breathing

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Embryonic Stem Cells

Back 29

Neural plate cells are often referred to as embryonic stem cells, neural plate cells are limited to becoming one of the range of mature nervous system cells
3 layers :

Ectoderm (outermost)

Mesoderm (middle)

Endoderm (innermost)

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Types of Neural Death

Back 30

Necrosis - Passive cell death

Apoptosis - active cell death

Apoptosis is safer than necrosis – does not promote inflammation

Front 31

Types of tumors

Back 31

Meningioma's - encased in meninges

Metastic - originate elsewhere, usually the lungs

Front 32

Closed-head injuries

Back 32

Brain injuries due to blows that do not penetrate the skull – the brain collides with the skull

Contrecoup injuries – contusions are often on the side of the brain opposite to the blow

Contusions – closed-head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system; hematoma (bruise) forms

Concussions – when there is disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head and no evidence of structural damage

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Types of Seizures

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Convulsions – motor seizures

Grand mal - Loss of consciousness and equilibrium

Petit mal - Not associated with convulsions

A disruption of consciousness associated with a cessation of ongoing behavior

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The Set-Point Assumption

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Hunger is a response to an energy need; we eat to maintain an energy set point

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Taste Humans prefers

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Sweet and fatty foods = high energy

Salty = sodium-rich

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When People feel hungry

Back 36

We tend to feel hungry at meal time

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Stages of sleep (and sleep waves)

Back 37

Four stages:

Alpha Waves- eyes closed preparing to sleep

k complex and sleep spindles -

Delta waves