Oglethorpe Fall 2014 Dr. Carton Intro To Psychology Final Exam Pt. 2

Front 1

Lesion Studies

Back 1

- Study on patients or animals that have suffered damage or lesions to the brain.

Front 2

X-Rays

Back 2

- Displays the brain in a crude 2-dimensional structure using electromagnetic radiation.

- Only reveals major structural damages.

- Wavelength used is usually 0.01 to 10 nanometers.

Front 3

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

Back 3

- Uses a series of computerized x-rays to produce tomographic layers to reveal a 3-dimensional image of the brain as well as functional information.

Front 4

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Back 4

- Displays 3-dimensional image of the brain as well as its functions by detecting gamma rays indirectly through a tracer.

- An invasive method of brain imaging as it requires the injection of radioactive sugars into a patient.

- It is able to detect which part of the brain are active during certain activities but it is largely a misconception that the detected concentration of glucose during a PET scan correlates to brain function.

Front 5

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Back 5

- Medical imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiowaves to provide structural and functional information.

- Less invasive than PET as it requires less exposure to radiation for a patient.

Front 6

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Back 6

- Records electrical activity along the scalp over a period of time (usually 20-40 minutes).

- Provides electrical activity and info of he brain and is non-invasive.

Front 7

Anatomy Of A Nerve Cell

Back 7

1. Dendrites

2. Cell Body

3. Nucleus

4. Axon

5. Myelin Sheath

6. Nodes of Ranvier

7. Schwaan's Cells

8. Axon Terminals

Front 8

Cell Body

Back 8

- Part of the nerve cell containing the nucleus and the dendrites.

Front 9

Axon Terminal

Back 9

- Long, slender projections from the neuron cell.

- Hosts axonal transmission.

- Secretes neurotransmitters.

- Also known as the axonal terminal or buotons.

Front 10

Dendrite

Back 10

- Short, branched extensions of the cell body that receives information from other neurons.

Front 11

Myelin Sheath

Back 11

- Fatty tissues covering the Schwaan's Cells connected by Nodes of Ranvier to either end.

- Speeds conduction of information and acts to insulate.

- Involved in degenerative diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis.

Front 12

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 12

- Gaps approximately 1 micrometer in between the myelin sheath.

- Increases the speed of transmission of information.

Front 13

Synapse

Back 13

- The fluid filled gap between two or more neurons that permit the neurons to pass chemical or electrical information between each other.

Front 14

Axon

Back 14

- The nerve fiber and main body of the cell.

- Connects the cell body to the axon terminal.

- Overall function is to transmit information from the cell body away to the axon terminal to other nerve cells.

Front 15

Different Types of Nerve Cells

Back 15

1. Receptor Neurons

2. Afferent Neurons

3. Efferent Neurons

4. Interneurons

Front 16

Receptor Neurons

Back 16

- Responds to external stimulation and converts it to electrical stimulation.

Front 17

Afferent Neurons

Back 17

- Sends messages from the receptor neurons andsen sory organs to the Central Nervous System.

Front 18

Efferent Neurons

Back 18

- Sends messages from the Central Nervous System to the effectors such as the muscles or glands.

Front 19

Interneurons

Back 19

- Neurons that connect the Afferent and the Efferent Neurons.

- They are neither motor nor sensory.

Front 20

Microelectrodes

Back 20

- An electrode of very small size used to record electrical impulses of neural signals and the electrical stimulation of the nervous tissue.

Front 21

Resting Potential

Back 21

- A neuron at rest with a negatively charged inside.

- In humans it is -70 mv in relativity to the outside.

- A neuron at resting potential is not firing.

Front 22

Threshold (Na)

Back 22

- The value at which action potential will occur.

- In humans, it is -55 mv.

Front 23

Action Potential

Back 23

- An event in a neuron where the threshold is met and an electric impulse is sent through the axon to the synapse.

- A neuron "fires" at action potential ad lasts about 1 millisecond.

Front 24

All Or None Principle

Back 24

- This principle states that once a neuron reaches its action potential, an electrical impulse will be fired but the intensity of the electrical impulse will not affect the size or intensity of output.

- Like a gun; one trigger pull = one shot.

- Stimulus intensity is determined by the number of impulses firing or the intervals of which the impulses are firing.

Front 25

Presynaptic Membrane

Back 25

- The membrane that lines the axon terminal containing vesicles with neurotransmitters.

Front 26

Postsynaptic Membrane

Back 26

- The membrane that lines the dendrite. It is essentially a receptor site for neurotransmitters formed from the axon terminal that creates the synapse.

Front 27

Lock And Key Theory

Back 27

- The theory stating that enzymes catalyze chemical reaction with the binding of a substrate to the active site where the active site has a unique geometrically shaped base to selectively receive selected enzymes.

- The neurotransmitters will only affect the postsynaptic membrane if the shape fits into certain receptor molecules just as a lock and key.

Front 28

Neurotransmitters

Back 28

- Chemicals that influence other neurons.

1. Dopamine

2. Serotonin

3. Acetylcholine

4. Norepinephrine

5. Endorphin

Front 29

Dopamine

Back 29

- Responsible for: voluntary movement, cognition, and mood.

- Too little = Parkinson's Disease; Too much = Schizophrenia.

Front 30

Serotonin

Back 30

- Responsible for: sleep, appetite, and mood.

- Too little = Depression; Too much = Sleepiness and Schizophrenia.

Front 31

Acetylcholine

Back 31

- Responsible for: voluntary movement and memory.

- Key to Alzheimer's Disease.

Front 32

Norepinephrine

Back 32

- Responsible for: mood.

- Too much = mania; Too little = Depression.

Front 33

Endorphin

Back 33

- Inhibitory natural opiates.

- Too much decreases perception of pain.

Front 34

Agonist (Medication)

Back 34

- Facilitates neurotransmitters.

- Mimics receptor and other substances by mimicking other transmitters.

- Blocks re-uptake.

- Blocks enzymes that break neurotransmitters.

- Builds precursors.

Front 35

Antagonist (Medication)

Back 35

- Blocks/inhibits a neurotransmitter.

- Increases re-uptake.

- Increases enzymes that break neurotransmitters.

- Blocks receptors.

- Decreases precursors.

Front 36

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 36

- Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

- Responsible for coordinating the senses and all activity from the whole body.

- Branches out to integrate with the Peripheral Nervous System.

Front 37

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 37

- Consists of nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.

- Connects the Central Nervous System with the limbs, organs, and extremities.

Front 38

Somatic System (Part of PNS)

Back 38

- Controls skeletal and voluntary muscles as well as the sense organs.

Front 39

Autonomic System (Part of PNS)

Back 39

- Controls involuntary systems such as the digestive system, the heart, and lungs.

- Two Types:

1. Sympathetic: Increases arousal.

2. Parasympathetic: Decreases arousal.

Front 40

Hindbrain

Back 40

- Developmental categorization of the CNS.

1. Medulla

2. Cerebellum

3. Pons

Front 41

Medulla

Back 41

- Part of the Hindbrain.

- Controls involuntary systems such as heartbeat, breathing, coughing, blood circulation, etc.

Front 42

Cerebellum

Back 42

Controls balance and muscle coordination.

Front 43

Pons

Back 43

- Acts as a relay station for the hindbrain to the rest of the brain.

- Responsible for sleeping and waking.

Front 44

Midbrain

Back 44

- Associated with motor control, vision, hearing, sleep and wake, arousal, alertness, and body temperature regulation.

- Contains the RAS (Reticular Activating System).

Front 45

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Back 45

- Part of the Midbrain.

- Acts as a relay station and filtering device.

- Involved with arousal and waking.

- The RAS is the reason why you can distinguish your own name in a noisy surrounding.

Front 46

Forebrain

Back 46

- Forward-most part of the brain as well as the most evolved.

- Has four parts:

1. Limbic System

2. Hippothalamus

3. Thalamus

4. Cerebral Cortex

Front 47

Limbic System

Back 47

- Involved with emotions and memory.

- Has four parts:

1. Amygdala

2. Septum

3. Hippocampus

4. Cingulate Gyrus

Front 48

Amygdala

Back 48

- Turns on aggression when stimulated.

Front 49

Septum

Back 49

- Turns off aggression when stimulated.

Front 50

Hippocampus

Back 50

- Involved with memory.

Front 51

Cingulate Gyrus

Back 51

- Turns on pleasure after eating favored foods or after sex.

Front 52

Hippothalamus

Back 52

- Responsible for homeostasis and controls body temperature, pituary glands, sleep, sex drive, hunger, and thirst.

Front 53

Thalamus

Back 53

- Acts as a relay station.

Front 54

Cerebral Cortex

Back 54

- Contains the Corpus Callosum, the largest white matter in the brain .

- Contains a left and right hemisphere.

- Consists of four parts:

1. Frontal Lobe

2. Temporal Lobe

3. Parietal Lobe

4. Occipital Lobe

Front 55

Frontal Lobe

Back 55

- Part of the cerebral cortex.

- Responsible for personality and advanced thinking.

Front 56

Temporal Lobe

Back 56

- Part of the cerebral cortex.

- The auditory cortex.

Front 57

Parietal Lobe

Back 57

- Part of the cerebral cortex.

- The sensory cortex.

Front 58

Occipital Lobe

Back 58

- Responsible for vision.

Front 59

Hormones

Back 59

- Chemicals that travel in the bloodstream and serve a similar function as neurotransmitters.

Front 60

Melatonin

Back 60

- Hormone responsible for mood and sleep.

- Found in the pineal gland.

Front 61

Throxine

Back 61

- Hormone responsible for growth, metabolism, and mood.

- Found in the thyroid gland.

Front 62

Estrogen / Progesterone

Back 62

- Associated with the female reproductive system and its secondary sexual characteristics.

- Found in the ovaries.

Front 63

Testosterone

Back 63

- Associated with the male reproductive system and its secondary sexual characteristics.

- Found in the testes.

Front 64

Pituary Gland

Back 64

- Located at the base of the brain and is controlled by the hypothalamus.

- Responsible in the control of release of hormones from many other important glands such as the thyroid, testes, and ovaries.

Front 65

Adrenal Gland

Back 65

- Located at the top of the kidneys.

- Responsible for the release of adrenaline which controls the body's response to stress and danger.

Front 66

Pheromones

Back 66

- Hormones that mark territory and signal desire.

- Unclear if they contribute to human behavior.