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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is biomechanics?
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The study of forces and the effects on living systems
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What is analysis?
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Breaking information down into smallers parts
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What is development?
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Improving, applying an intervention
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What kind of approach is Biomechanics?
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Multidisciplinary approach
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What does the approach of biomechanics mean?
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Acknowledges that psychology and physiology also affects performance
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According to Lees (1999), what is biomechanics aimed to do?
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Improve performance, reduce risk injury
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What are the two ways of analysis?
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Qualitative and quantitative analysis
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What are the sources of critical features?
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Ideal performance, elite athletes, knowledge of movement mechanics, hierarchical models, coaching manuals, research
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What is included in the preparation stage of qualitative analysis?
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Common errors, critical features, hierarchical models, elite performance, needs analysis
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What are the advantages of observation by eye?
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Simple, cost effective, immediate
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What are the disadvantages of observation by eye?
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Requires memory, perception, seen by single person,speed of action may be too fast, false positives
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What are the advantages of observation by video?
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Makes a record of actions, can observe at slower rate, review action, make comparisons
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What are the disadvantages of observation by video?
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Increase cost and time, not immediate
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What is Knudson and Morrison's (1997) model of qualitative analysis?
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Preparation, Observation, Evaluation/diagnosis, Intervention
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What is Hay and Reid's (1988) model of analysis?
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Develop a model of skill, observe performance and identify faults, ranking the priority of faults, instruct performer
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What are the 5 elements in Systematic Observational Strategy (SOS)?
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1. Plan to focus on critical features 2. Exercise as much control over situation 3. Angle of view or vantage point 4. Number of observations needed 5. Include plan for extended observation
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What is included in the evaluation stage?
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Strengths and weaknesses
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What the evaluation based on?
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Critical features
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What is included in the diagnosis stage?
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Review, not correct vs correct, range of correctness, addressing the cause not the symptom
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What are the 6 considerations of the intervention stage? (Bartlett)
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1. Consider individual
2. Maximise improvement 3. Order of difficulty 4. Correct sequence 5. Base of support 6. Critical features first |
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What are the descriptions of linear motion?
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Distance/displacement
Speed/velocity Acceleration |
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What is the function of a joint marker?
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Marks the joint centre which movement occurs around
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What is kinetics?
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Explanation of motion
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What is a definition of a force?
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A push or pull
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What are the different forces? (acting)
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Weight
Ground reaction force Friction Muscle force |
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What are Newton's 3 laws called?
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1. Law of inertia
2. Law of acceleration 3. Law of action reaction |
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Describe Newton's 1st law
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1. Body continues in a state of rest or motion in a straight line unless a force acts on it
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Describe Newton's 2nd law
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The change of motion of an object is directly proportional to the force causing it and inversely proportional to the acceleration of the object
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Describe Newton's 3rd law
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To every action there is always an opposed equal reaction
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What is the centre of mass?
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Point in a body at which entire mass may be assumed to be concentrated
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What is stability?
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Capacity to return to equilibrium or to its original position after being displaced.
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An object is in equilibrium when...
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The centre of mass is within the base of support
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To be more stable you need...
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Low centre of mass
Large base of support Increased weight Increased muscle mass |
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What are the two functions of levers?
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1. To overcome a larger resistance than the force applied
2. To increase the distance a resistance can be moved using an effort greater than the resistance |
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What are the 4 components of a lever?
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Lever arm, fulcrum, resistance,force
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What is the most common class of lever?
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3rd class- between the fulcrum and resistance
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What influences force production?
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Type of action
Neurological issues Energy issues Size of muscle Velocity of action Position of joint |
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Describe the length-tension relationship
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When sarcomere length is shortening (flexion) or lengthening (extension), force decreases
Optimal sarcomere length is in the middle, exerts most amount of force |
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What are the basic principles of practice?
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Amount and quality
Learning vs performance Conflicting goals Practice and test sessions Guidance Types of practice |
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What are 3 common feedback types?
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External verbal
Kinesthetic intrinsic Extrinsic or augmented feedback |
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What are the 3 functions of feedback?
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Information
Reinforcement Motivation |
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What are the 3 functions of feedback?
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Information
Reinforcement Motivation |
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What are the two main types of extrinsic feedback?
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Knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance |
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What are the two main types of extrinsic feedback?
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Knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance |
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What do these include?
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KR- Success with respect to goal. No learning unless KR is provided.
KP- Information about the movement. Not necessarily about success. |
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What do these include?
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KR- Success with respect to goal. No learning unless KR is provided.
KP- Information about the movement. Not necessarily about success. |
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What are the issues of feedback?
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Overload
Identify fundamental error Direction of error vs magnitude of error Acceptable limits of correctness Prescriptive feedback |
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What are the issues of feedback?
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Overload
Identify fundamental error Direction of error vs magnitude of error Acceptable limits of correctness Prescriptive feedback |
