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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Front (Term) What are carbohydrates needed for? |
To release energy |
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How can the resting metabolic rate be affected by muscle or fat? |
Muscle requires more energy than fat, so a higher metabolic rate |
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What is a metabolic rate? |
The rate of chemical reactions in your cells |
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Name three pathogens |
Fungi bacteria virus |
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How does bacteria make us feel ill? |
Damages cells and produces toxins |
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How does a virus make us feel ill? |
They replicate inside our cells, then burst releasing more viruses |
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Name four methods of defence we have against pathogens. |
Skin, hairs. mucus, WBCs |
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How do white blood cells protect us? |
They produce anti toxins, consume microbes and they produce antibodies |
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What do antibodies do? |
They lock onto the antigen of a microbe and remember the shape. They destroy the pathogen. |
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What is an inherited factor that can affect the metabolic rate? |
An underactive thyroid gland |
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What do vaccines contain? |
Weaker or dead microbes |
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What is a mutation? |
a quick change in a gene |
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Do antibiotics treat and destroy viruses? If not why? |
No It would destroy the cell too |
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Why are antibiotic resistant bacteria dangerous? |
They can survive and reproduce quickly There is no treatment for the infected- making it easy to spread Cant be controlled
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How do you slow down the rate of antibiotic resistant bacterias? |
Avoid over prescribing antibiotics |
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Describe an experiment to test the strength of antibiotics. |
Microorganisms are cultured. In agar jelly. When the jelly is set in a petri dish inoculating loops are sterilised. The loops transfer microorganisms to the culture medium. Paper disks are soaked in antibioticas and placed on the jelly. Non resistant strains will die. |
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What is a receptor? |
They detect stimulus.They are found on sense organs.
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What does the central nervous system do? |
Co-ordinates a response |
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What neurones carry an impulse? (in order) |
receptors- sensory neurones- relay neurones- motor neurones- effector
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What is a synapse? |
The connection/gap between two neurones |
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How does an impulse travel through an impulse? |
Neurotransmitters diffuse across |
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What are hormones? |
They are chemical messengers sent through the blood |
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Where is FSH produced? |
The pituitary gland |
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Where is LH produced? |
The pituitary gland |
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Where is oestrogen produced? |
The ovaries |
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What does FSH cause? |
The eggs to mature |
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What does oestrogen cause? |
Stops the production of FSH and causes the pituitary glands to produce LH. |
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What does LH cause? |
The egg to release |
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What hormones can be used to reduce fertility? |
oestrogen and progesterone |
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How does oestrogen reduce fertility? |
It prevents the release of an egg (if it is permanently high it prevents this, but if it isn't it causes the pituitary gland to produce LH) |
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How does progesterone reduce fertility? |
It stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm from reaching an egg. |
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In plants what hormone controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots? |
auxins |
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what does phototropism mean? |
growth in response to light |
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What it the term given for growth in response to gravity? |
geotropsim |
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Explain how auxins work. |
They make cells elongate on the shaded side causing them to move |
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What four bodily levels need to be controlled? |
ion content water content Sugar content temperature |
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What is regulated by the kidneys? |
ions, the kidneys remove these from the blood in either sweat or urine |
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On a cold day will you produce more urine or sweat? |
Urine- as you exercise less |
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What does insulin do? |
Maintains the right amount of glucose in the blood |
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What are the main three stages in drug testing? |
1- tested on human cells and tissues 2- Live animals 3- human volunteers- clinical trials |
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What is a placebo? |
A dummy drug that looks and tasted the same but is chemically different
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Why are drugs tested on human cells and tissues? |
to test if they affect whole bodily systems |
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Why are drugs tested on animals? |
To test a dosage |
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Why are drugs tested on humans? |
To see if there are any side effects |
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Why do organisms adapt? |
to survive in changing climates/ environments |
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What living indicator can measure environmental changes? |
lichens |
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What is a trophic level? (energy transfer diagrams) |
feeding level |
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How is CO2 removed from the atmosphere? |
Photosynthesis |
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How is CO2 added to the atmosphere? |
Burning, respiration, decay, eating |
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What is variation? |
Organisms of the same species have differences. |
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How is variation caused? |
Different genes |
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What is environmental variation? |
differences caused by where you live- e.g a suntan |
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Put these in size order from smallest to largest.
,nucleus, chromosome,cell, tissue |
tissue, cell, nucleus, chromosome, gene |
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What does the nucleus contain? |
Genetic information- chromosomes, genes, DNA |
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What do genes control? |
The development of different characteristics
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What are alleles? |
Different versions of the same gene |
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What type of reproduction produces genetically identical cells/ organisms? |
asexual |
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What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? |
In asexual reproduction there is only one parent- whereas in sexual there are two |
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What makes the offspring different in sexual reproduction compared to the same in asexual? |
The fusion of two gametes, which contain different genes |
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In what reproduction is there genetic variation? |
Sexual |
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What are the names of the two methods of plant cloning? |
cuttings and plant culture |
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How are plants cloned with cuttings? |
Gardeners take cutting from good plants then plant them to produce genetically identical copies. |
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What is the advantage of cloning with cuttings? |
they can be produced cheaply |
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How are plants cloned with a tissue culture? |
A few plant cells are put in growth medium with hormones, they grow into clones. |
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What is the advantage of cloning with a tissue culture? |
They can be grown all year round. |
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Describe the process of embryo transplants. |
Two prize animals (male and female) are chosen. An egg and sperm are removed and artificially fertilised. The embryo grows and splits into many cells before they become specialised. The split cells are removed and placed in surrogate cows. They are identical |
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Describe the process of adult cell cloning. |
An unfertilised egg's genetic information is removed. A skin cell is removed from the desired animal (complete set of chromosomes), it is inserted into the 'empty' egg cell. An electric shock is given to the cell stimulating it to divide. It is then implanted into a female and an identical clone is born. |
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What is an issue surrounding cloning. |
It reduces variation It meddles with life It could create diseases/defects There is not enough long term large scale research
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What does genetic engineering use to cut and paste genes? |
enzymes |
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What two things suggest how genetic differences are caused? |
sexual reproduction and mutations |
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What is natural selection? |
variation causes some organisms to be better adapted to their environment. |
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What was Lamarck's theory on evolution? |
characteristics used alot by an organism are passed on to their offspring. |
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Why was Darwin's theory of evolution dismissed? |
It opposed religious views that God created all as they are. |
