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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Father of modern classification |
Linneaus |
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Taxa order (Hint: there's 7) |
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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How to name species (scientific name/binomial) |
Genus species ex: Homo sapiens (make sure to underline/italicize) |
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Species |
Fertile (kids can have kids that have kids etc.) organisms |
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Taxonomy |
Naming and classifying of organisms |
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Fitness |
the ability to survive and reproduce |
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Adaptations |
Traits that increase chance of survival |
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Micro vs macro evolution |
Micro is small change to better survive, macro is creating new species |
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Evolution (according to Darwin) |
Over time, animals in a species with better traits that suit the environment survive longer and pass down the traits to offspring. |
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Lamarck |
Use/disuse individuals evolve |
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Wallace |
independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection |
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Aristotle |
Classified 500 species of birds, mammals and fishes |
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Lyell |
author of Principles of Geology, which popularised James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianism – the idea that the Earth was shaped by the same processes still in operation today. |
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Early Earth conditions |
atmosphere thick with water vapor, along with various compounds released by volcanic eruptions, including hydrogen. Lightning, volcanic activity, and ultraviolet radiation was much more intense. |
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Change of early Earth conditions |
As Earth slowly cooled, the water vapor condensed into oceans, and hydrogen quickly escaped into space. |
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How old is Earth? |
4.6 billion years ago |
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How long ago was the earliest form of life? |
3.5 billion years ago |
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How old was Earth when life started? (hint:do the math!) |
.9 billion years |
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Four steps of how we got life from non-life |
1.Monomers 2. Polymers 3. Protobionts 4. Self-replication |
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How to create polymers (what must you have?) |
Simple monomers, nucleotides amino acids |
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Polymers are enclosed into the membrane. What's the membrane called? |
Protobionts |
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What did we start with? DNA or RNA? Why? |
RNA due to only having one strand |
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What changed everything on Earth (it's an element) |
Oxygen created by photosynthetic bacteria |
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Initial reaction to oxygen |
Killed most species due to it being a poison |
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How did oxygen help species that survived |
Make more energy, like cellular respiration |
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Cambrian Explosion. Where? How were things affected? |
Occurred in the ocean and caused things to grow really big |
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Early humans name. How old are they? |
Hominids. 1-2 billion years |
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How old are Homo sapiens? |
195,000 yrs |
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If Earth's history was scaled down to an hour, how long have Homo sapiens been on Earth? |
.2 seconds |
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Gene Pool |
POOL of alleles. The alleles currently in a population. |
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Genetic Drift |
Change in gene pool due to chance (man steps on bugs) |
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Gene Flow |
Movement of alleles in and out due to migration |
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Bottleneck Effect |
A disaster that happens changes things...leads to loss of diversity |
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Founder Effect |
FOUND a new place. Colonizing a BRAND NEW place for a population |
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Stable selection (example using black and white) |
Intermediate phenotype ex:gray |
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Directional Selection (example using black and white) |
Against one extreme (one-sided) ex:black&grey OR white&gray |
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Disruptive Selection (example using black and white) |
Lose the middle (both extremes) Ex: Black and white, but NOT grey |
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Components of Hardy-Weinberg |
p=frequency of dominant allele (B) p^2=frequency of homozygous dominant (BB) q=frequency of recessive allele (b) q^2=frequency of homozygous recessive (bb) 2pq=frequency of heterozygous (Bb) |
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Purpose of HW equation |
How we can determine if evolution is occurring finds frequencies |
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5 conditions of Hardy-Weinburg |
1. No evolution/natural selection 2. No migration 3. No mutation 4. Mate randomly 5. Large population |
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Allopatric speciation |
Geographic barrier (squirrel on one side of Rocky mountains can't mate with squirrel on other side) |
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Sympatric speciation |
No barrier, just choose not to mate. Process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. |
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Gradualism |
Slow change |
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Punctuated Equilibrium |
Extremely rapid change |
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Sexual dimorphism |
males and females look diff. |
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InTRAsexual competition |
Competition between males (a duel for a girl) |
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InTERsexual competition |
female CHOOSES mate |
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What signifies that two species are related? |
Homologous structures |
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Biogeography |
geographic distribution of living things |
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Vestigial structure |
useless organ ex: appendix, goosebumps |
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Artificial selection |
humans direct breeding |
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Homologous structures |
Exact same structure, but diff. function |
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Analogous structures |
No relationship, but similar function ex:wings on insects and birds |
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Convergent evolution |
Completely diff things look alike and adapt similar traits because they live in the same area |
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Adaptive radiation |
A species fills in the roles of a new habitat or community |
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Mass extinctions |
When 50% or more species become extinct |
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How many mass extinctions happened? What are the main two and what happened in them? |
5 Permian extinction-killed 96% of shallow water marine species Cretaceous-killed 50% of marine species and dinosaurs |
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How long ago was the Cretaceous extinction? |
65 million yrs ago |
