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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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prokaryotic |
do not have a nuclei or other membrane bound organelles |
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Eurkaryotic |
contain membrane bound bound organelles and a nuclei |
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centrioles |
hollow cylinders that are involved in the formation of the spindle during nuclear division |
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mitochondrion |
folded into christae site of later stages of anaerobic respiration |
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nucleus |
enclosed by envelope contain chromosomes and genes that control sythnesis of proteins |
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Nucleolus |
dense body within nucleus ribosomes are made |
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
membrane bound flattened sacs ribosomes attached to surface proteins made by ribsomes and transported through ER to other parts of the cell |
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Lysosome |
spherical sacs containing digestive enzymes break down foreign substances in cell contain lysozyme |
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Golgi apparatus |
stacks of flattened membrane bound sacs modifies proteins and packages them in vesicles |
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
does not have ribosomes makes lipids and steroids (hormones) |
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cell surface membrane |
phospholipid bilayer partially permeable barrier |
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ribosomes |
made of RNA and protein site of protein synthesis |
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gametes |
sex cells |
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acrosome |
inside the head of the sperm releases digestive enzymes which break down the zona pellucida |
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diploid number |
full number of chromosomes (46) |
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meiosis |
cell division to produce sex cells with half the number of chromosomes |
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haploid number |
only half of the chromosomes (23)` |
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independent assortment |
only one chromosome from each pair ends up in each gamete - random produces variation |
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crossing over |
two chromosomes come together and swap sections of DNA |
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chromatids |
two chromosomes attached in the middle |
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chiasma |
point where the chromatids break |
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feritlisation |
nuclei from the gametes combine to produce a new individual |
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zygote |
fertilised ovum that contains genetic material from both parents |
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embryo |
diploid embryo divides to form an embryo |
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Interphase |
time when the cell synthesises new cell components such as organelles and membranes |
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nuclear division |
DNA seperated by mitosis |
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interphase |
new cell organelles are synthesised and DNA replication occurs |
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prophase |
chromosomes condense becoming shorter and thicker |
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centromere |
the point at which two chromosomes are joined |
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spindle |
during prophase is produced three-dimensional structure |
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metaphase |
centromeres attach to spindle fibres at the equator |
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anaphase |
centormeres split spindle fibres short pulling the two halves in opposite directions
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telophase |
chromosomes unravel and nuclear envelope is formed two sets of genetic information become enclosed in separate nuclei |
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cytoplasmic division |
cell surface membrane constricts around centre of cell until it is two separate cells |
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totipotent |
cell can develop into a complete human being |
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blastocyst |
after conception a hollow ball of cells forms |
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placenta |
outer blastocyst cell layer forms placenta |
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pluripotent embryonic stem cells |
cells that could potentially develop into most cell types |
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multipotent |
cells that can develop into a variety of different cell types |
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beta-galactosidase |
breaks down the carbohydrate lactose when it is present in the surrounding medium |
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discontinuous variation |
characteristics only controlled by genotype |
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continuous variation |
characteristics that are affected by both genotype and phenotype |
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polygenic inheritance |
characteristic is controlled by more than one gene |
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melanin |
made in melanocytes found in the skin and at the root of the hair |
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melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
stimulates the melanocytes to produce melanin |
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tyrosinase |
enzyme animals use to make melanin catalyses reaction of the amino acid tyrosine into melanin |
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oncogenes |
code for proteins that stimulate the transition from one stage in the cell cycle to another |
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tumour suppressor genes |
produce suppressor proteins that stop the cell cycle |
