Topic 3: Cell Biology

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Apoptosis:

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Programmed cell death.

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Cell cycle:

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Cycle of events from one cell division to another.

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Central vacuole:

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A large vacuole found in plant cells that regulates water content and turgor pressure.

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Centriole:

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Organizes microtubule formation in animal cells and plays a role in chromosome migration during cell division.

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Chloroplast:

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Intracellular organelle that is the site of photosynthesis.

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Cytokinesis:

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Division of the cytoplasm.

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Cytoskeleton:

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A system of contractile filaments, microtubules, and microfilaments that aid in locomotion, movement of organelles, and maintaining cell shape.

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Diffusion:

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Net movement of molecules from high concentration to low.

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Endoplasmic reticulum:

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An extensive system of membranes within the cell that function in synthesis of cell products.

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Eukaryote:

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Cells with a defined nucleus.

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Exocytosis

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Vesicular transport of cellular products out of the cell.

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Fluid mosaic model:

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Current theory of plasma membrane structure.

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Golgi apparatus:

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The packaging and processing center for cell products; puts them in active form and packages them into secretory vesicles.

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Lysosomes:

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Vesicles filled with digestive enzymes; found only in animal cells and function to digest food particles taken in by the cell.

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Mitochondria:

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Site of aerobic production of ATP.

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Mitosis:

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Cell division used for all processes of growth, repair, and development.

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Nucleolus:

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Intra-nuclear organelle that produces ribosomal RNA.

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Organelle:

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Intracellular structure that carries out specific cellular functions.

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Osmosis:

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Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.

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Phagocytosis:

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Cell-eating; endocytosis of solid particles.

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Pinocytosis:

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Cell-drinking; endocytosis of liquids.

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Prokaryote:

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Cells that lack a defined nucleus; bacteria and archaea are examples.

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Ribosomes:

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Organelles that serve as the site of assembly of amino acids into proteins.

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum:

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A specific type of endoplasmic reticulum with associated ribosomes; synthesizes proteins for export.

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Simple diffusion:

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The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It is an important passive transport mechanism in cells.

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

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A specific type of endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes lipid products.

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Two types of cells *

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prokaryotic or eukaryotic

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prokaryotic *

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single-celled organisms and their structure are most primitive cells, without interior compartments and created before chromatic material forms a nucleus. They contain circular DNA molecule in the nucleoid and some ribosome.

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eukaryotic *

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single cell or a multi-cellular body. They contain nucleus, DNA and metabolic functioning compartments. 10 times larger and can grow 1,000 times greater in volume than the typical prokaryote cell.

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Cell membrene

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Regulates transport

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cytoplasm *

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is the intracellular fluid where many organelles are membrane.

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nuclear membrane *

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double-layered membrane perforated by large pores.

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glycocalyx *

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determines Human blood types, which the body uses to identify its own healthy cells and distinguish them from diseased or invading cells.

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5 types of protein

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Channel, carrier, enzymes, receptor and cell recongnition

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ATP

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Adenosine triphosphate, which is the energy currency of cells.

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Active Tranport*

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energy necessary to drive the process.

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Passive Transport *

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Diffusion, Osmosis

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Diffusion *

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is defined as the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Osmosis *

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diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. Water moves across a membrane toward any solution that has more solute (and therefore a lower water concentration) than the cell.

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Tonicity *

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is a way to express any potential volume change a cell may experience when placed in a particular solution.

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hypertonic solution *

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has more solute (less H2O than cytoplasm, so H2O moves out of the cell and it will crenate (shrink).

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hypotonic solution *

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less solute (more H2O) than cytoplasm, so H2O will enter the cell and it will swell and potentially burst (lysis).

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isotonic solution *

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has equal proportions of water and solute as the cytoplasm so there is no net volume change.

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Endocytosis *

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substances contacting the membrane are engulfed as the membrane invaginates and surrounds them into a vesicle

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What are the four principal stages of mitosis in a typical animal cell? *

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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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chromatid *

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Each daughter molecule is called a _______ . The daughter cells are identical to the original cell and one

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diploid number *

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Humans have 46 chromosomes each cell except egg and sperm

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haploid number *

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Humans have 23 homologous pairs

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meiosis *

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occurs in the reproductive organs and creates specific sex cells. Meiosis creates sperm cells in the male body and egg cells in the female body.