Biology Test Review (Chapters 23-24)

Front 1

In what three ways did plants first adapt to living on land?

Back 1

1. They absorbed nutrients from their surroundings.
2. They formed the cuticle, a protective outer covering which prevents drying out.
3. They began to reproduce without water.

Front 2

What is mycorrhizae?

Back 2

A symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants. (The fungi attaches to the plant's roots, meanwhile breaking down the nutrients in the soil for the plant to eat... The plant then gives the fungi a portion of organic sugars it makes from photosynthesis!)

Front 3

What is the cuticle of a plant?

Back 3

A watertight, waxy layer that covers the nonwoody, above-ground parts of most plants.

Front 4

What are stomata?

Back 4

Pores on a plant that permit the exchange of oxygen and carbon-dioxide!

Front 5

What are guard cells?

Back 5

A pair of specialized cells that border (and patrol) each stomata!

Front 6

Name the differences between nonvascular plants and vascular plants.

Back 6

Vascular plants' materials are transported by special tissues within the plant (xylem and phloem), allowing them to grow taller and more complex. These plants have a larger sporophyte and a smaller gametophyte!
Nonvascular plants transport their materials through osmosis and diffusion. These are simple plants lacking true roots, stems, or leaves. They still depend on a water source to reproduce. These plants have a larger gametophyte and a smaller sporophyte!

Front 7

What is an embryo?

Back 7

An early stage of development in plants and animals.

Front 8

What is a seed?

Back 8

A structure that contains the embryo of a plant.

Front 9

What is the phloem?

Back 9

A soft tissue in vascular plants that carries organic nutrients (sugars).

Front 10

What is the xylem?

Back 10

A hard tissue that transports water and minerals throughout a vascular plant.

Front 11

What is a shoot?

Back 11

The part of the plant which grows mostly upward and above the ground.

Front 12

What is a root?

Back 12

The part of a plant that grows downward, into the ground.

Front 13

What is the meristem?

Back 13

Any area of the plant where cells are dividing.

Front 14

Name the four major plant groups.

Back 14

1. Nonvascular Plants
2. Seedless Vascular Plants
3. Gymnosperms
4. Angiosperms

Front 15

What is a sporophyte?

Back 15

A mature plant at diploid state (2n) that is producing haploid spores by meiosis (cell division by means of sexual reproduction)!

Front 16

What is a gametophyte?

Back 16

A plant in the generation/phase of being a haploid individual (n) which produces gametes (reproductive cells).

Front 17

Name the characteristics of Nonvascular Seedless Plants.

Back 17

1. They lack true roots, stems, or leaves.
2. They are small and simple organisms.
3. They have a larger gametophyte and a smaller sporophyte.
4. They require water for sexual reproduction.

Front 18

Name the characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants.

Back 18

1. They are large and complex organisms.
2. They have xylem and phloem.
3. They have a larger sporophyte and a smaller gametophyte.
4. They have drought-resistant spores.
5. They have neither flowers nor seeds.

Front 19

Name the characteristics of Gymnosperms.

Back 19

1. They have cones, and so are called conifers.
2. They are fruitless, but produce seeds.
3. They have very small gametophytes (both male and female).
4. They pollinate through wind; the seed structure includes a cotyledon (leaf that acts as a wing).

Front 20

Name the characteristics of Angiosperms.

Back 20

1. They have flowers that attract animals.
2. The male and female gametophytes develop within the flowers, which promotes pollination and fertilization.
3. They have fruits, which protect and promote seed dispersal.
4. Each seed structure contains endosperm, a supply of food stored for the embryo.

Front 21

In plantal terms, what is the fruit?

Back 21

The part of the flower that contains the seed.

Front 22

What are the vegetative parts of a plant?

Back 22

Any/all nonreproductive parts.

Front 23

What are legumes?

Back 23

Plants that produce protein-rich seeds in long pods (Ex: Peas, peanuts, etc.)

Front 24

What are cereals?

Back 24

Grasses grown as food for humans and livestock!

Front 25

What is grain?

Back 25

An edible seed/seedlike fruit of a cereal grass.

Front 26

What is the archegonium?

Back 26

The structure of a plant that produces eggs!

Front 27

What is the antheridium?

Back 27

The structure of a plant that produces sperm!

Front 28

What is the sporangium?

Back 28

The location of spore production in sporophytes!

Front 29

Define a root crop.

Back 29

A crop grown for its edible roots.

Front 30

What is the pollen grain?

Back 30

The immature male gametophyte of a seed plant which has a thick, protective wall.

Front 31

What is the ovule?

Back 31

A structure in the ovary of a seed plant which contains the enbryo sac that develops into a seed after fertilization!

Front 32

Define pollination.

Back 32

The transfer of pollen grains from the male reproductive structures of a plant to the female reproductive structures of a plant.

Front 33

What is a pollen tube?

Back 33

A tubular structure that acts as an extension of the pollen grain, transporting the pollen grain to the embryo sac, and allowing the male reproductive cells to pass into the ovule.

Front 34

What is a seed coat?

Back 34

The outer cell layers of an ovule that harden as the seed matures.

Front 35

What is endosperm?

Back 35

Nutritious tissue in seeds.

Front 36

What are cotyledons?

Back 36

Seed leaves that transfer nutrients to the embryo.

Front 37

What is the carpel/pistil?

Back 37

The female reproductive structural body of a flower (angiosperm)!
(This includes the ovule, style, and stigma!)

Front 38

What is the stamen?

Back 38

The male body of reproductive parts of a flower (angiosperm)!
(This includes the anthers and filaments!)

Front 39

What are sepals?

Back 39

Leaf-like structures on the flower that enclose and protect the petals during the flower's budding stage!

Front 40

What is the style?

Back 40

The stalk rising directly from the ovule.

Front 41

What is the stigma?

Back 41

A structure that pollen lands on and sticks to.

Front 42

What are anthers?

Back 42

Pollen-producing sacs on the top of the stamen.

Front 43

What are petals useful for?

Back 43

Attracting pollinators!

Front 44

What does the ovary do?

Back 44

Produce ovules!

Front 45

Which flower parts are reproductive (male and female)?

Back 45

The stamen (which cosists of the anthers and filaments), and carpel/pistil (which consists of the stigma, style, ovary, pollen tube, and ovule).

Front 46

When "alternation of generations" is referred to, what is being said?

Back 46

Plants alternate from being a gametophyte to a sporophyte between generations.