Biology Test 4 (Brain Stuff)

Front 1

1. what are the 5 secondary brain vesicles?
2. what is the outer layer of the brain made of?
3. what is below the cortex made of?
4. what are the islands of gray matter deeper in the brain called?
5. what are the hollow chambers that are filled w/ CSF?

Back 1

1. Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metaencephalon, myelencephalon
2. gray matter (neuronal cell bodies unmyelinated)
3. white matter (myelinated axons)
4. nuclei
5. ventricles

Front 2

1. what shape are the 2 lateral ventricles?
2. How does the lateral ventricle connect to the third ventricle?
3. The 3rd ventricle connects to the 4th ventricle by what?
4. What are the 3 openings in the 4th ventrical called?
5. The 4th ventricle is continuous w/ what?

Back 2

1. C-shaped
2. interventrcular foramen
3. cerebral aqueduct
4. apertures (2 lateral and1 medium)
5. central canal

Front 3

1. What is the function of the CSF?
2. it is completely replaced every _ hrs
3. what are the ridges of the brain called?
4. what are the grooves of the brain called?
5. what are the deep grooves called? purpose?

Back 3

1. forms a liquid cushion, reduces weight of the brain, helps transport molecules
2. 8
3. gyri
4. sulci
5. fissures (separated different regions of the brain)

Front 4

1. what separates the 2 hemisphere?
2. what are the 5 lobes of the brain?
3. what divides the Frontal and Parietal lobes?
4. what divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
5. what divides the parietal and occipital lobes

Back 4

1. longitudinal fissure
2. frontal, parietal, temporal, occiptal, insula (covered)
3. central sulcus
4. lateral sulcus
5. parieto-occipital sulcus

Front 5

1. different functional roles of areas of cortex where mapped by (how many areas?
2. what is the function the primary motor cortex?
3. pyramidal cells project long axons down spinal cord in voluntary motor tracts called
4. what happens when there is trauma to the primary motor cortex?
5. where is the premotor cortex (2ndary motor cortex)

Back 5

1. Brodmann; 52
2. conscious control of precise voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles
3. pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts
4. loss of contralateral voluntary control
5. area 6

Front 6

1. what is the function of the premotor cortex?
2. how does it co-ordinates movement of groups of muscles?
3. what happens when there is trauma to the premotor cortex?
4. what controls the muscles needed for speech?
5. what area is that in?
6. what happens when there is damage in that area?

Back 6

1. controls learned motor skills (playing the piano)
2. by sending impulses to the primary motor cortex
3. loss of programmed motor skills but not individual movements (4get how to play piano)
4. Broca's area
5. 44, 45
6. person can understand language by cannot produce intelligible language

Front 7

1. where is speech interpreted and understood?
2. what area is that in?
3. it is connected to broca's area by what?
4. what happens when there is damage in this area?
5. what does the frontal eye field do? and where is it?

Back 7

1. wernicke's area
2. 22
3. arcuate fasiculus
4. loss of ability to understand language and to produce language (word salad)
5. controls voluntary eye movement (area 4/6)

Front 8

1. where is the primary somatosensory cortex?
2. what is its function?
3. damage to it?
4. what is the function of the secondary somatosensory cortex (somatosensory association cortex)
5. what happens if there is damage to it?

Back 8

1. area 1-3
2. recieves sensory info from receptors
3. numbness
4. uses stored memory to understand sensation
5. must look at an object to recognize it

Front 9

1. where is the primary visual cortex? and function?
2. damage to it?
3. where is the visual association area? and function?
4. damage?
5 where is the auditory area? function?

Back 9

1. area 17 (occipital lobe); recieves input from retinas
2. blindness
3. area 18; using stored memory for recognition
4. dont know what/who you are looking at. Dont remember having vision
5. area 41,42; recieves sensory info from inner ear; pitch; loudness

Front 10

1. what is the function of the auditory association area?
2. damage?
3. location of the olfactory cortex and function
4. function of gustatory cortex?
5. function of vestibular cortex?

Back 10

1. uses stored memory to interpret perceived sound.
2. dont know what sound your listening to
3. frontal lobes and medial temporal lobes; conscious awareness of different odors
4. perception of taste
5. awareness of balance

Front 11

1. function of the prefrontal cortex
2. what happens if its damaged?
3. bundles of fibers form a
4. there are 3 commisures, name them and what are they?
5. what do association fibers connect?

Back 11

1. intellect, recall, personality, ideas, judgement, persistence, conscience (matures slowly and depends on feedback from environment
2. mental and personality disorders
3. tract
4 .they connect gray matter to both hemispheres; corpus callosum, anterior commisure and posterior commisure
5. different parts of same hemisphere

Front 12

1. what does projection fibers connect?
2. the internal capsule connects what to what?
3. as fibers gets closer to cortex, they fan out into the
4. what is brain nuclei
5. where does the amygdala sit?

Back 12

1. the rest of the nervous system
2. the cortex to the lower CNS
3.corona radiata
4. are collections of nerve cell bodies in CNS
5. at the tail of the caudate

Front 13

1. a group of structures including caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus
2. function of telencephalon; important in
3. huntington's disease includes the degeneration of
4. symptoms?
5. parkinson's disease includes the degeneration of the
6. how is it bad?

Back 13

1. corpus striatum (telecephalon)
2. input from entire cerebral cortex; in starting, stopping and monitoring movement and regulating intensity of movement
3. the basal nuclei
4. uncontrolled, wild, jerky movements
5. substantia nigra
6. dopamine releasing neurons project to corpus striatum and leaves neurons overactive

Front 14

1. symptoms of parkinson's disease
2. what forms the walls of the 3rd ventricle? connected by what?
3. the thalami contain how many nuclei?
4. the thalami recieves fibers from
5. role of the thalamus

Back 14

1. persistent tremor, slow to start movement, shuffling bent posture
2. thalamus's; interthalamic adhesion
3. 12
4. sensory
5. sensation, motor activities, learning and memory

Front 15

1. The hypothalamus controls what?
2. the supraoptic nucleus releases what? which does what?
3. the paraventricular nucleus releases what?
4. the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus is in where?
5. what is the function of the supraciasmatic nucleus

Back 15

1. BP, heart rate, peristalsis, respiration, emotions, body temp, hungry, fullness, thirst, water balance, sleep-wake cycles, endocrine system
2. antidiuretic hormone; regulates urine
3. oxytocin
4. the hypothalamus
5. controls the inner timing of the body and sychronizes the internal body functions w/ light-dark cycle.

Front 16

1. what forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle?
2. The posterior portion of this is the what?
3. what does it do?
4. what is the suprachasmatic nucleus?
5. the epithalamus secretes what?
6. what 7 parts of in the midbrain?

Back 16

1. epithalamus
2. pineal gland
3. recieve projections from the SCN
4. melatonin (sleep and wake cycle)
6. cerebral peduncles, superior cerbral peduncles, cerebral aqueduct, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, sustantia nigra, red nuclei

Front 17

1.What does the cerbral peduncles contain?
2. what does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect?
3. what does the cerebral aqueduct connect? surrounded by what? which is involved in what?
4. what does superior colliculi coordinate?
5. What does the inferior colliculi do?
4.

Back 17

1. large descending pyramidal motor tracts
2. midbrain to cerbellum
3. 3rd to 4th ventricle; periaqueductal gray matter (PAG); pain suppression
4. head and eye movements to track a moving object
5. startle reflex

Front 18

1. what does the substantia nigra do?
2. why does the pons bulge outward?
3. what cranial nerves orginate in the pons?
4. contains what ventricle?
5. what does the pons do?

Back 18

1. forms dopamine and contains melanin
2. pyramidal tracts that fun longitudinally
3. 5, 6, 7
4. 4th
5. relay fibers from motor cortex

Front 19

1. the medulla is where? contains what ventricle? formed by ?
2. what does the inferior cerebellar peduncles connect?
3. what does the inferior olivary nuclei
4. what cranial nerves starts in the medulla?
5. functions of the medullary nuclei
6. why does the hypothamulus and the medulla functions overlap?

Back 19

1. lowest part of brain stem; 4th; descending corticospinal tracts
2. medulla to cerebellum
3. relay sensory info on the state of muscle stretch and joint position to cerebellum
4. 12, 10, 9, 11, 8
5. cardiac center (adjusts the force/rate of heart contractions), vasomotor center (BP), respiratory center (controsl rate of breathing, rhythms
6. meduallary centers are carrying out instructions received from hypothamlmus

Front 20

1. in the cerebellum, the info is being recieved from and being sent to what?
2. the 2 hemispheres are connected by what?
3. what is the 3 lobes of each hemisphere?
4. the cerebellum is connected to the brain stem via
5. the somatotrophic representation is _____

Back 20

1. little brain (cerebral motor cortex and muscle spindels), and sents them to the cerebral motor cortex
2. vermis
3. anterior posterior, and flocculonodular
4. cerebellar peducles
5. ipsilateral ( no crossover)

Front 21

1. what is the function of the cerebellum?
2. What happens when you damage the cerebellum?
3. the structures of the limbic system include

Back 21

1. smooth coordinated muscle movement
2. difficulty performing preplanned, rapid movements, slow to turn on or off, past pointing, jerky movements but not tremor at rest, like a drunk person, dysarthria (unintelligble speech)
3. anterior commisure, septal nuclei, hippocampus, hypothalamus, fornix

Front 22

1. what connects temporal lobes?
2. what relays info for hippocampus, amygdala and hypocampus?
3. what is involved in long term memory?
4. what is a tracts of axons from hippo to mamillary body?
5. output to the limbic system is taken through the
6. the limbic system is connected to the

Back 22

1. anterior commisure
2. septal nuclei
3. hippocampus
4. fornix
5. hypothalamus
6. prefrontal lobes

Front 23

1. function of the meninges
2. what is the toughest meninges?
3. name the 2 layers of this meninge
4. The arachnoid mater is separated from the dura matar by what?
5. what is beneath the arachnoid mater?
6. what does the arachnoid villi do?

Back 23

1. protect BV, contian CSF, protect CNS
2. dura mater
3. periosteal layer (inner skull) menigeal layer (brain and continues down the spinal cord)
4. subdural space
5. subarachnoid space
6. return CSF to blood

Front 24

1. which type of meningits is the worst?
2. what is the blood brain barrier?
3. what goes through the brain in this area?
4. what doesnt?
5. where is the BBB absent? y?

Back 24

1. bacterial
2. tight junctions that prevent leakage of molecules across capillary wall.
3. glucose, aa, electrolytes, O2, alcohol, nicotine,
4. urea, proteins, toxins, blood
5. around the 3rd and 4th ventricle; it allows for blood monitoring, access to vomiting center, access to hypothalamus (hydration, temp, hormones)

Front 25

1. what is a concussion?
2. what is a contusion
3. what is brain hemorrhaging?
4. how does a stroke happen?
5. what is a TIA (transient ischemic attack?)

Back 25

1. a non permanent trauma to brain symptoms temp
2. sig brain tissue destruction in brain stem coma
3. when there is subarachoid or subdural bleeding, it increases pressure and compresses tissue severe if in brain stem
4. blockage or rupture of cerebral artery, decrease of oxygen supply (ischemia), tissue death
5. minor stroke, reversable, temporary symptoms

Front 26

1.the dura mater of the spinal cord is bt
2. what anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx?
3. the end of the cord is called the
4. what mater extends beyone L1 (end of spinal cord) and S2
5. what is the ideal spot for a lumbar puncture?

Back 26

1. the vertebrae and the dura
2. filum terminale
3. conus medullaris
4. dura and arachnoid
5. L3

Front 27

1. extensions of pia mater along cord attach cord to vertebra
2. how many pairs of spinal nerves exit the what?
3. the cord ends around
4. lumbar and sacra spinal nerves travel downward to their exit points called
5. [

Back 27

1. denticulate ligaments
2. 31, interveretbral foramina
3. L1
4. cauda equina