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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What is evolution?
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The change in the inherited trait of a population of organism through successive generations.... change of characters over period of time
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2. What is the difference between micro and macroevolution?
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"Microevolution is the small change over a long period of time.... change in gene frequency within a population
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"
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who was darwin
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"Father of evolution
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"
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4. What is speciation?
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The evolutionary process by which new biological species arise
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6. Who is Cuvier? (1769-1832)
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"Father of Paleontology
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-Catastrophism: the idea that earth has been affected in the past by sudden.... short-lived.... violent events.... possibly worldwide in scope"
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7. Who is Hutton? (1726-1797)
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-Gradualism: the belief that changes occur.... or ought to occur.... slowly in the form of gradual steps
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8. Who is Charles Lyell? (1797-1875)
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"Uniformitarianism: the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now.... have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe
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"
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9. Who is Lamark (1809)?
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Inheritance of acquired traits: organisms can pass the acquired traits to the offspring
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10. What were the two basic concepts from Darwin’s book?
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"1. Descent with modification: there is a little change when pass down to offspring (kid difference)
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"
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11. What are the three types of natural selection and know which individuals the environment choose against?
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"1. Directional Selection: Environment choose against one of the extreme
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"
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12. Who is Thomas Malthus?
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"concerning population and its increase or decrease in response to various factors
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"
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13. 5 statements summing up Darwin’s theory (writing by Mayr):
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"1. All species have the ability to increase exponentially
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"
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14. What are the 6 pieces of evidence for evolution?
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"1. Taxonomy
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"
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15. What is the smallest unit that can evolve?
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population.... because changes occur with species of the population will affect the outcome of the population since species within the population mates to produces offspring
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16. What is species?
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"A group of organism has similar characteristics that produce offspring
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"
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18. What is microevolution?
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The small change over a long period of time.... change in gene frequency within a population.... changes in the gene pool of a population over time which result in relatively small changes to the organisms in the population
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19. Hardy-Weinberg equation:
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"P+q=1 P^2 +2pq + q^2=1
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"
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20. What are the 5 assumptions?
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"1. Large population
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"
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21. What are the 5 agents of microevolutions?
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"1. Mutation
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"
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22. What is sexual dimorphism?
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The difference in morphology between male and female members of the same species
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23. What are the 4 reasons evolution doesn’t make perfect organism?
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"1. Evolution is limited by historical constraints
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"
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24. Summarize the main point of the article “Ecological and Genetic factor….”
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"Endangered Cheetahs were believed to be at a loss because of their small population size causing more
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"
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What are the four concepts for what a species is? (p488-490)
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"1. Species is a group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable.... fertile offspring but do not produce viable fertlile offspring with members of other such groups.
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"
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Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
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habitat isolation.... behavior isolation.... temporal isolation.... mechanical isolation.... gametic isolation
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Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
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hybrid sterility..hybrid inviability..hybrid breakdown..
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Habitat Isolation
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distance too great
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Behavior Isolation
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different mating behavior
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Temporal Isolation
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have sex at different times of year
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Mechanical Isolation
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physical things don’t work well
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Gametic Isolation
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Sperm and egg don’t fuse well
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Hybrid Sterility
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horse + donkey= sterile mule
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Hybrid Inviability
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stillborn or offspring die after birth
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Hybrid Breakdown
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2 species can have offspring.... and those offspring can have offspring but eventually genes break down and can no longer reproduce
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Allopatric
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physical barrier causes one species to become 2 (river.... canyon.... ocean.... road)
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Sympatric
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" one species turns into two in a given area without physical barrier
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"
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What is adaptive radiation
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The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into into an environment presenting a diversity of new opportunities and problems. (example the many types of finches (wood pecker-like.... big beak.... small beak) that speciated from one common finch)
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What is punctuated equilibrium
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"Supporters: Niles Elderedge and Stephen Gould
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"
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What is gradualism?
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"Supporter: Ernst Mayer
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"
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What is ecology?
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Study of the relation of living organisms to each other and their surroundings
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biotic factors
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"other individuals of the same species
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"
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abiotic (nonliving)
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"temperature
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"
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What is a population?
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A group of individuals of a single species in a given area
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Species?
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A group of organism has similar characteristics that produce offspring
|
|
|
Community
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A group of interacting organisms sharing a populated environment
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Ecosystem
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A biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area.... as well as all the nonliving.... physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact.... such as air.... soil.... water.... and sunlight
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Biosphere?
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The regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist
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Niche
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The role an organism plays in its relation to other species and its environment
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Habitat?
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The type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs
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Biome?
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A group of ecosystems that have similar climates and communities
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What is density?
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refers to the number of individuals of a particular species living in a given area.
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Density dependent factors
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"factors such as disease that limit population that are dependent on the density of
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"
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Density independent factors
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"factors that limit population that are not dependent on the density like natural
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"
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What is dispersion?
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Dispersion refers to how spread out a population is in a given area
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What are the three types of dispersion patterns? Which is the most common?
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"1. Clumped * most common* - all grouped in one spot around the limited resource
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"
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Exponential Growth
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"1. Exponential- J curve
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..dt=change in time..rmax=intrinsic growth rate..N=individuals"
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Logistic Growth
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s shape curve…dN/dt=r max N (K-N)/K…rmax=intrinsic growth..k=carying capacity
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What is carrying capacity?
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Carrying capacity is the number of individuals of a particular species that an area can support
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1. r selected
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"a. large number of offspring
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"
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1. k selected
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"f. small number of offspring
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"
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What is ZPG? How can this be achieved?
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ZPG stands for zero population growth. The population is doubling every 40 years.... some people who are concerned about the environmental impact of overpopulation recommend that each couple only has two kids to replace themselves resulting in a net zero population growth.
|
|
|
1. What is evolution?
|
The change in the inherited trait of a population of organism through successive generations.... change of characters over period of time
|
|
|
2. What is the difference between micro and macroevolution?
|
"Microevolution is the small change over a long period of time.... change in gene frequency within a population
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
who was darwin
|
"Father of evolution
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
4. What is speciation?
|
The evolutionary process by which new biological species arise
|
|
|
6. Who is Cuvier? (1769-1832)
|
"Father of Paleontology
|
|
|
-Catastrophism: the idea that earth has been affected in the past by sudden.... short-lived.... violent events.... possibly worldwide in scope"
|
|
|
|
7. Who is Hutton? (1726-1797)
|
-Gradualism: the belief that changes occur.... or ought to occur.... slowly in the form of gradual steps
|
|
|
8. Who is Charles Lyell? (1797-1875)
|
"Uniformitarianism: the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now.... have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
9. Who is Lamark (1809)?
|
Inheritance of acquired traits: organisms can pass the acquired traits to the offspring
|
|
|
10. What were the two basic concepts from Darwin’s book?
|
"1. Descent with modification: there is a little change when pass down to offspring (kid difference)
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
11. What are the three types of natural selection and know which individuals the environment choose against?
|
"1. Directional Selection: Environment choose against one of the extreme
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
12. Who is Thomas Malthus?
|
"concerning population and its increase or decrease in response to various factors
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
13. 5 statements summing up Darwin’s theory (writing by Mayr):
|
"1. All species have the ability to increase exponentially
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
14. What are the 6 pieces of evidence for evolution?
|
"1. Taxonomy
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
15. What is the smallest unit that can evolve?
|
population.... because changes occur with species of the population will affect the outcome of the population since species within the population mates to produces offspring
|
|
|
16. What is species?
|
"A group of organism has similar characteristics that produce offspring
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
18. What is microevolution?
|
The small change over a long period of time.... change in gene frequency within a population.... changes in the gene pool of a population over time which result in relatively small changes to the organisms in the population
|
|
|
19. Hardy-Weinberg equation:
|
"P+q=1 P^2 +2pq + q^2=1
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
20. What are the 5 assumptions?
|
"1. Large population
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
21. What are the 5 agents of microevolutions?
|
"1. Mutation
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
22. What is sexual dimorphism?
|
The difference in morphology between male and female members of the same species
|
|
|
23. What are the 4 reasons evolution doesn’t make perfect organism?
|
"1. Evolution is limited by historical constraints
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
24. Summarize the main point of the article “Ecological and Genetic factor….”
|
"Endangered Cheetahs were believed to be at a loss because of their small population size causing more
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
What are the four concepts for what a species is? (p488-490)
|
"1. Species is a group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable.... fertile offspring but do not produce viable fertlile offspring with members of other such groups.
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
|
habitat isolation.... behavior isolation.... temporal isolation.... mechanical isolation.... gametic isolation
|
|
|
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
|
hybrid sterility..hybrid inviability..hybrid breakdown..
|
|
|
Habitat Isolation
|
distance too great
|
|
|
Behavior Isolation
|
different mating behavior
|
|
|
Temporal Isolation
|
have sex at different times of year
|
|
|
Mechanical Isolation
|
physical things don’t work well
|
|
|
Gametic Isolation
|
Sperm and egg don’t fuse well
|
|
|
Hybrid Sterility
|
horse + donkey= sterile mule
|
|
|
Hybrid Inviability
|
stillborn or offspring die after birth
|
|
|
Hybrid Breakdown
|
2 species can have offspring.... and those offspring can have offspring but eventually genes break down and can no longer reproduce
|
|
|
Allopatric
|
physical barrier causes one species to become 2 (river.... canyon.... ocean.... road)
|
|
|
Sympatric
|
" one species turns into two in a given area without physical barrier
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
What is adaptive radiation
|
The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into into an environment presenting a diversity of new opportunities and problems. (example the many types of finches (wood pecker-like.... big beak.... small beak) that speciated from one common finch)
|
|
|
What is punctuated equilibrium
|
"Supporters: Niles Elderedge and Stephen Gould
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
What is gradualism?
|
"Supporter: Ernst Mayer
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
What is ecology?
|
Study of the relation of living organisms to each other and their surroundings
|
|
|
biotic factors
|
"other individuals of the same species
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
abiotic (nonliving)
|
"temperature
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
What is a population?
|
A group of individuals of a single species in a given area
|
|
|
Species?
|
A group of organism has similar characteristics that produce offspring
|
|
|
Community
|
A group of interacting organisms sharing a populated environment
|
|
|
Ecosystem
|
A biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area.... as well as all the nonliving.... physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact.... such as air.... soil.... water.... and sunlight
|
|
|
Biosphere?
|
The regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist
|
|
|
Niche
|
The role an organism plays in its relation to other species and its environment
|
|
|
Habitat?
|
The type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs
|
|
|
Biome?
|
A group of ecosystems that have similar climates and communities
|
|
|
What is density?
|
refers to the number of individuals of a particular species living in a given area.
|
|
|
Density dependent factors
|
"factors such as disease that limit population that are dependent on the density of
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
Density independent factors
|
"factors that limit population that are not dependent on the density like natural
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
What is dispersion?
|
Dispersion refers to how spread out a population is in a given area
|
|
|
What are the three types of dispersion patterns? Which is the most common?
|
"1. Clumped * most common* - all grouped in one spot around the limited resource
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
Exponential Growth
|
"1. Exponential- J curve
|
|
|
..dt=change in time..rmax=intrinsic growth rate..N=individuals"
|
|
|
|
Logistic Growth
|
s shape curve…dN/dt=r max N (K-N)/K…rmax=intrinsic growth..k=carying capacity
|
|
|
What is carrying capacity?
|
Carrying capacity is the number of individuals of a particular species that an area can support
|
|
|
1. r selected
|
"a. large number of offspring
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
1. k selected
|
"f. small number of offspring
|
|
|
"
|
|
|
|
What is ZPG? How can this be achieved?
|
ZPG stands for zero population growth. The population is doubling every 40 years.... some people who are concerned about the environmental impact of overpopulation recommend that each couple only has two kids to replace themselves resulting in a net zero population growth.
|
