Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Microevolution is a change in the frequency of alleles in a population by __________, _________, ________, and ____________.
|
mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
|
|
|
A _____________ is a group of organisms that can interbred and produce fertile offspring.
|
Population
|
|
|
A __________ is all genes (alleles) in that population.
|
gene pool
|
|
|
What are four ways that alleles can be changed or recombined?
|
crossing over, independent assortment, fertilization, and mutation.
|
|
|
___________ are the only source of new alleles.
|
Mutation
|
|
|
Offspring inherit ___________.
|
alleles
|
|
|
Inheritable traits can be ____________, ___________, or ___________.
|
morphology, physiology, and behavioral
|
|
|
What are the three types of mutation?
|
lethal, neutral, and useful
|
|
|
We can track alleles for one or more genes by using ______________.
|
the Hardy Weinberg equation
|
|
|
If a population is in equilibrium, then no ______________ is occuring.
|
microevolution
|
|
|
Hardy Weinberg says that a population is in genetic equilbrium if what six things are true?
|
no mutation occurs, population is large, population is isolated, mating is random, all individuals survive andproduce the same number of offspring, and there is no natural selection.
|
|
|
In natural selecton, the environment screens the ___________.
|
phenotype
|
|
|
An example of natural selection are the _______________.
|
peppered moths in England
|
|
|
What are the three types of natural selection?
|
directional, stabilizing, and disruptive
|
|
|
In ___________ natural selection, the extreme phenotype is favored.
|
disruptive
|
|
|
In ____________ natural selection, the intermediate is chosen because it is the most desired.
|
stabilizing
|
|
|
In _____________ natural selection, the two extreme phenotypes are favored.
|
disruptive
|
|
|
Which type of selection did the peppered moth undergo?
|
directional
|
|
|
What is an example of non ramdom mating?
|
snow geese
|
|
|
___________ is a random change in frequencies of alleles due to chance.
|
Genetic drift
|
|
|
Genetic drift occurs fastest in ___________ populations.
|
small
|
|
|
What are the two types of genetic drift?
|
bottleneck and founder effect
|
|
|
___________is a fast, drastic reduction in a population often due to a natural disaster or disease. Survivors may have lost alleles or may have a rare allele.
|
Bottleneck effect
|
|
|
What are some examples of the bottleneck effect?
|
cheetahs and the northern elephant seals
|
|
|
___________ is found when a small number of people start a whole new colony when they break off from parent population. Some alleles are lost and some are over represented.
|
Founder effect
|
|
|
What is an example of the founder effect?
|
Tristan de Curte; It was colonized by 15 people from homeland and one colonist had a rare allele for blindless. On the island 1.7% of people had the disease.
|
|
|
_________ is migration into or out of a population (movement of alleles).
|
Gene flow
|
|
|
What is an example of gene flow?
|
When Alexander's the Great army brought green eyes to India.
|
|
|
___________ is a gentic change in a line of descent by microevolutionary events.
|
Evolution
|
|
|
___________ went on a voyage in a ship called the Beagle around the world for five years collecting data on specimens.
|
Charles Darwin
|
|
|
Darwin never used the word eveolution but he used ___________________.
|
"descent with modification"
|
|
|
What are the 7 principles Darwin developed about evolution while on his five year voyage?
|
1. populations make more offspring than can be supported
2. no population can increase infinitely (limited resources) 3.individuals compete for resources 4. inheritable traits (in our genes) 5. variation in traits due to alleles 6. some alleles allow for better competitiveness 7. these individuals are more likely to leave offspring outcome=natural selection |
|
|
Darwin wrote the ____________ in 1859.
|
Origin Of Species
|
|
|
What are the six ways to study evolution?
|
biogeography, comparative morphology, fossils, drifting continents, study of embryology, and comparing DNA, RNA, and protein sequences.
|
|
|
____________maps the distribution of species throughout the world.
|
Biogeography
|
|
|
What is a classic example of comaparatve morphology?
|
Looking at forearm bones in humans
|
|
|
____________ structure are when you can find the same bones in some organisms but it will have a different function.
|
Homologous
|
|
|
__________ structure once had a strcuture but not now.
|
Vestigal; ex. wisdom teeth, appendix, tail bone
|
|
|
_________ structure have same function but no common ancenstral structure.
|
Analagous
|
|
|
Fossils and sedimentary rocks age can be determined by _____, ______, and ____________.
|
ice, amber, radioisotopes
|
|
|
An example of continental drift is ___________.
|
Pangea
|
|
|
The ________________ states that the more alike two species are the more alike their embryos are for a longer period.
|
study of embryology
|
|
|
What is DNA hybridization?
|
When you mix DNA from 2 organisms and see how much bonding occurs; alike=much bonding and different=little bonding
|
|
|
___________ is a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring.
|
Biological species
|
|
|
How are species kept separate?
|
There are barriers and all the barriers are reporoductive isolated.
|
|
|
What are the four types of pre-zygotic barriers?
|
temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation.
|
|
|
In __________ isolation, two close species can have different breeding seasons.
|
temporal
|
|
|
In ___________ isolaion, each species has its own signal for mating.
|
behavioral
|
|
|
In _________ isolation, if you mix egg from species A with species B you get nothing.
|
gametic
|
|
|
What are the three types of post-zygotic barriers?
|
abortion of hybris, sterile hybrid,and hybrid breakdown.
|
|
|
In ____________ hybrid, the embryo dies during development.
ex. sheep and goats |
abortion of
|
|
|
In ___________ hybrid, homologous pairs can't form gametes.
ex. donkey and horse |
sterile
|
|
|
In ________ hybrid, it want breed true.
ex. beefalous |
breakdown of/hybrid breakdown
|
|
|
What are the four conditions under allopatric speciation (most common)?
|
a segment is cut off from parent pop., can happen b/c of a geo. barrier, new species might form, and no gene flow.
|
|
|
What are some examples of allopatric speciation?
|
rabits on Port Santo, Galapagos finches, evolytion of camelids, and Hawaiian honeycreepers.
|
|
|
Darwin's finches illustrated _________________.
|
adaptive radiation
|
|
|
__________ speciation occurs
without a geographical barrier. |
Sympatric
|
|
|
Sympatric speciation is common in ________ and results from a mistake in mitosis and meoisis.
|
plants
|
|
|
In _____________, species A and specis B combine to form species C.
|
allopolyploid
|
|
|
A ___________ is a group of individuals of the same species that have the potential to interact.
|
population
|
|
|
___________ is usually allopatric and contains islands and chains.
|
Adaptive radiation
|
|
|
Give two examples of dramatic increase and decrease of a population.
|
Easter Island and reindeer on St. Matthew's Island; each crashed b/c of no food
|
|
|
When studying a population you must consider __________, _________, and ___________.
|
population size, population density, and population growth curves.
|
|
|
How is population size measured?
|
Mark, recapture, and estimate.
|
|
|
_____________ is the number of individuals divided by unit area.
|
Population density
|
|
|
What are the three types of population density?
|
clumped, random, and uniform
|
|
|
Waht are the two types of population growth curves?
|
J (exponential/unrestricted) growth curve and S (logistic/restricted) growth curve.
|
|
|
What growth curve is most common in nature?
|
J growth curve
|
|
|
Name the four conditions for a k-selected population.
|
tend to live in a favorable environment, produce few offspring, offspring are large, and they have pressure from competition (intra-specific).
|
|
|
Name the two conditions for a r-selected popuation?
|
produce many offspring, live in a harsh environment, and do not undergo intraspecific competition.
|
|
|
K represnts _____________.
|
carrying capacity
|
|
|
Food, space, etc. are _______________ factors.
|
density-dependent
|
|
|
Temperature is an example of _____________ factors.
|
density-independent
|
|
|
_____________ competition happens within one species.
|
Intraspecific
|
|
|
____________ competition happens with other species.
|
Interspecific
|
|
|
A ____________ is several populations (of different species) interact.
|
community
|
|
|
Name the four abiotic factors that influence communities.
|
rainfall, temperature, soil type, and amount of light received.
|
|
|
A biotic factor influencing a community is the __________.
|
species
|
|
|
Every organism has a _______.
|
niche
|
|
|
What are the two types of niches?
|
fundamental and realized
|
|
|
_________ means species living together.
|
Symbosis
|
|
|
What are the five types of interactions in communities?
|
mutualism, competition, predation, parastitism, and commenalism.
|
|
|
In ____________, both species benefit.
|
mutualism
|
|
|
What is obligatory mutualism?
|
When neither species can live without the other.
|
|
|
In __________, both species are harmed.
|
competition
|
|
|
Whay are both species harmed in competition?
|
Because it requires energy to compete.
|
|
|
What does Gause's Rule Competive Exclusion state?
|
That is 2 species compete for the same source, one will be eliminated.
|
|
|
What experiment did Gause perform?
|
He put 2 Paramecium in one dish with food.
|
|
|
In ____________, one species benefits and one species is harmed.
|
predation
|
|
|
How can predation help to increase species diveristy in a community?
|
By controlling the total number of species
|
|
|
______________ is when the predator blends in.
|
Cryptic coloration
|
|
|
____________ is when the predator is brightly colored which serves a warning to the prey.
|
Aaposematic coloration
|
|
|
____________ is when a harmless species looks like a harmful species.
|
Batesian mimicry
|
|
|
____________ is when a species evolves the same defenses as another species.
|
Mullerian mimicry
|
|
|
In _____________, one species is harmed and one species benefits.
|
parasitism
|
|
|
What was responsible for the dramatic increase in deformed frogs in the US?
|
A parasite fluke invaded them when they were tadpoles.
|
|
|
Why are cowbirds beening considered extermination?
|
B/c they use other bird's nests.
|
|
|
In ______________, one species beenfits and one species is neutral.
|
commensalism
|
|
|
What is an example of commensalism?
|
Cattle egrets
|
|
|
_____________ refers to the idea that a species in a comunity are replaced by others such that the composition of the community changes.
|
Ecological sucession
|
|
|
What are the five characteristics of communities?
|
species diversity, species abundance, prevalent type of vegetation, trophic structure, and stability.
|
|
|
What are the two types of ecological succession?
|
primary and secondary
|
|
|
__________ succession occurs the first time an area is colonized.
|
Primary
|
|
|
__________ succession occurs when a community is disturbed and then recovers.
|
Secondary
|
