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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Science?
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-a methodical investigation of unexplained phenomena using the scientific method
-the ultimate pursuit of evidence |
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Scientific Method
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1. State a problem
2. Develop Hypothesis 3. Test through research/experiments 4. Gather evidence, draw conclusion 5. Publish in peer review journal 6. A theory may emerge |
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Theory
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an idea that has supported evidence
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Scientist
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-Demands evidence for all ideas accepted as valid
-No ultimate truths -No bias -Faith is useless -Hesitate to jump to conclusions -sample size is important |
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Back Pain Study
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Chiropractor 70%, 1,200
Physical Therapy 71%, 1,500 booklet 68%, 35 cents |
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Metabolism
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consumes and transforms energy
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reproduce
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leaving a copy behind
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homeostasis
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internal biological balance
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adapt
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saying "evolve" genetically change to better fit enviroment
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Response to Stimuli
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make stimulus and produce a response
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Carbon-based
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made up of of carbon-often produces carbon waste
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Water
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biological processes often occur in a agius medium
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Growth and Development
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an increase in biomass
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cellular
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composed of cells
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DNA
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dinoribonucleic Acid
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Viruses
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Range in size from 10-400 nenometers
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Viruses
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acellular, no cell membrane, no lyto-plasm, no metabolism
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Viruses
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Only contain one nucleic acid DNA or RNA
Obligate intercelluar parasite resistant to antibiotics |
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Virus replication
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Attachment
Entry Synthesis Lysis Duplicates immediately |
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Lysogenic Cycle
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Attachment
entry Intergration Dormacy Synthesis /Lysis Cancer (Not All) Dormant until aggravated |
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Biodiversity
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different species in Biology
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taxonomy
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the laws of naming
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Kingdoms of Life
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Monera
Protista Vhycota Plantae Animalia |
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Characteristics of Monera
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Single celled
Prokaryotic Smallest living things Ex. Bacteria 10,000 species described 9,000 havent caused any diseases |
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Coccus
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if cell is round
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staphylococcus
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grape like clusters of coccus
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streptococcus
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chain like form of coccus
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Bacillus
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rod like shapes (little sausages)
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Spirillum
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one cell, spiral shaped bacteria
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Characteristics of Protista
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single celled
Eukaryotic- membrane bound nucleus 35,000 described |
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Types of Protista
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cilliate- hair like
flagellate- tail like Amoeboid- blob like |
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Vhycota (Fungi)
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Multicellular
Eukaryotic Plant Like in appearance Non-photosynthetic Decomposers 70, 000 described species |
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Plantae (Plants)
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multicelluar
Eukaryotic Photosynthetic 260,000 described species |
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Animalia (Animals)
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Multicelluar
eukaryotic Well developed organ systems (Nervous system) |
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Vertebrates
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with backbones
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5 Types of Vertebrates
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Fish
Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals |
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Fish
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Ectothermic-cold blooded
Aquatic Scales Finned Cloaca present |
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Fish
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Oviporous-egg layers
Soft jello eggs External Fertilization 2 chamber heart 20,000 described fish |
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Amphibians
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Ectothermic
Limbs present Moist, Smooth skin Gills as young, Lungs as adults |
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Amphibians
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External Fertilization in frogs and toads
Internal for Salamanders Cutaneous Respiration- ran acquire oxygen in fingertips 3,500 |
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Reptiles
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Ectothermic
Scales 3 Chamber heart except in Crocs (4) Lungs 7,500 |
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Reptiles
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Internal Fertilization
Have Amniotic eggs Cloaca Most oviparous Most have limbs adapted to more dry environment |
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Birds
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Endothermic
Feathers Wings/Flight Lightweight Skeletons |
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Birds
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Internal fertilization
cloaca Amniotic Eggs Lungs/ 4 chambered heart Beaks, teeth absent |
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Mammals
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Endothermic
Limbs Lungs/ 4 chambered heart Body hair 4,500 |
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Mammals
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Mammary glands- milk producers
Internal Fertilization Placenta Cloaca absent More development brain |
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Molecules
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2 or more atoms bonded together
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Cell membrane
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dictates what comes in and out of the cell
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Pili
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used to attach to (Prokaryotes) also used for sex
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Plasmid
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small loop of DNA
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Prokaryotic Cell
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Contains:
Cell Wall Chromosome Cell membrane Plasmid Cytoplasm Pili |
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Eukaryotic Cell
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Contains:
Cell Wall Cell Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Chromosomes (2 or more) |
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Invertabrates
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Animals without backbone
1.3 million described |
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Nucleus
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stores DNA in cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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in the cytoplasm, synthesizes lipids
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Golgi Apparatus
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processes, packages, and distributes molecules around cell
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Ribosomes
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site of protein manufacturing in the cell
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Mitochondria
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makes energy in the cell, where ATP is kept
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Lysosomes
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the digestive system of the cell
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Plasma Membrane
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diffusion and osmosis occur
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Chloroplasts
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site of photosynthesis
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Cytoplasm
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contents of cell between the nucleus and the membrane
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Cell wall
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Surrounds a plant cell, maintains the shape
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Characterisics of DNA
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-Located on chromosomes
-Double-Helix -repeating sequence of Nucleotides |
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Nucleotides
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Cytosine-guanine
Adenine-thymine |
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Watson and Crick
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first described DNA in 1950's
won Nobel prize in 1962 |
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Rosalyn Franklin
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woman who really described DNA but didn't credit
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Gene
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a specific sequence of DNA that codes as a trait
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Human genome Project
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Project that located all functional sequences in chromosomes and determined what they are
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STR Test
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1. Obtain two diploid cells
2. Expose both samples to the same restriction enzymes 3. Seperate fragments and compose them If bonding patterns match, then their from the same person |
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Restriction Enzymes
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Cut DNA
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Cloning
Nuclear Somatic Transfer |
1. Obtain diploid cell
2. Get donor egg 3. Remove DNA from egg 4. Transfer diploid nucleus to empty egg 5. Induce division 6. Implant embryo in surrogate 7. Give birth after gestation period |
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Uses for Cloning
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1. Copy domestic animals/plants
2. Fertility problems 3. Embryonic Stem Cells 4. Organ/Tissue Transplant 5. Endangered Species |
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Most Important Charactersitc of Living things
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Cellular and DNA
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Mitosis
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Occurs everywhere except nerve and muscle cells
Produces identical daughter cells Diploid to Diploid Chromosomes Used for growth/development |
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Meiosis
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Occurs in Gonads
Diploid to Haploid Used for reproduction |
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gametes
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sperm and egg
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allele
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alternate forms of a gene`
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Homozygous dominant
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two dominant alleles
CC |
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Heterozygous dominant
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two different alleles
Cc |
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Homozygous recessive
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two recessive alleles (means person has disease
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Cystic Fibrosis
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caused by a gene on chromosome 7
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Atom
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smallest particle of matter
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Radiation
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spontaneous decay of atoms
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Ion
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charged particle that carries positive and negative charge
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electrolyte
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molecule when put in solution gives rise to ions
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Ionic Bond
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attraction between negative and positve charged ions
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Covalent Bond
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atoms share electrons
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pH scale
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1-7 acid
7- neutral 7-14 base |
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Acid
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release hydrogen ions
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Base
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take up hydrogen ions, release hydroxide
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Metabolism
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all of the chemical reactions that happen in cell during growth and repair
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Catabolism
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break down large molecules into smaller ones
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Anabolism
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Large molecule are synthesized from smaller ones
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oxidation
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loss of one or more electrons from an atom
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reduction
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gain of electrons by atoms
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enzymes
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speeds up a reaction in a cell
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Carbohydrates
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always formed from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1-2-1 pattern
Used for energy |
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Lipids
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do not dissolve in water
formed from carbon, hydrogen, and and oxygen in different orders Used to make glycerides form cell membranes |
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proteins
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chains of amino acid sequences
used for muscle cell components and speeding up cellular reactions |
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleotide sequences
Used for the genetic Code |
