Biology Od Test #1

Front 1

What is Science?

Back 1

1. Latin for "to know"
2. Based on evidence, hypothetical data and constant testing

Front 2

What are the two general types of science and how do they differ?

Back 2

1. Discovery Science - Dr. Jane Goodall studied monkey behavior in wild. Look at patterns, then form hypothesis.
2. Hypothesis based science:
- Form educated guesses and then form tests to support or not.

Front 3

What is a scientific hypothesis?

Back 3

1. Tentative answer to well-framed question.
2. Hypothetical explanations that stem from observations/questions.
3. Has to be tested and falsifiable.
4. Failure to falsify does NOT prove hypothesis.

Front 4

Who was Henry Bates?

Back 4

1. Scientist that came up with the idea of mimicry and how animals adapted to reduce the chance of being eaten.

Front 5

What does the Batesian Mimicry Hypothesis state?

Back 5

1. Mimicry typified by a situation where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator.

Front 6

Describe the experiment of Pfennig et al., 2001 that tested Bates’ ideas.

Back 6

1. Coral snakes (poison) Vs. Kingsnake.
2. Planted fake snakes into the wild and compared the number of attacks in areas with coral snakes vs. areas without poisonous snakes.
3. Found that ringed snakes were attacked less in areas where coral snakes/poison were also present.

Front 7

Why do giraffes have long necks?

Back 7

1. Giraffes use their necks for "necking" or fighting for a mate. The longer neck helped win mate and thus evolved.
2. ??

Front 8

What is a scientific theory and why is it so powerful?

Back 8

1. Broader and more general than normal hypothesis and can lead to more testable hypotheses.
2. Supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to hypothesis.
3. Can provide with context for many tests and open the door to new discoveries.

Front 9

Why are fields dealing with supernatural phenomenon considered either unscientific or pseudoscientific?

Back 9

1. Science cannot support or falsify supernatural explanations, which are outside the bounds of science.
2. There are no ways to test these ideas.

Front 10

What are the 7 characteristics of Life?

Back 10

1. Order/Organized
2. Evolutionary Adaption
3. Respond to the environment
4. Reproduction
5. Growth and Development
6. Energy Processing
7. Regulation

Front 11

What percentage of species have gone extinct?

Back 11

1. 90% of all species that have ever existed have gone extinct!

Front 12

How many described (nonbacterial) species are there on Earth?

Back 12

1. 1.8 million species with names.
2. Don't know the exact number, estimate to be anywhere from 10-100 million species.

Front 13

How many nonbacterial species do we think are really out there? (give a range)

Back 13

1. 10-100 million species

Front 14

Why is the Theory of Evolution important to all biologists?

Back 14

1. It is the overarching theme of Biology, it accounts for the unity and diversity of life.
2. Evolution makes sense of everything we know of living organisms.
3. Organisms living on Earth are modified descendents of common ancestors.
4. Evolutions unifies Biology at different scales of size throughout history of life on Earth.
5. Only scientific explanation (tested evidence)

Front 15

List the three domains of life.

Back 15

1. Domain Bacteria
2. Domain Archea
3. Domain Eukarya

Front 16

Starting with domain, list the main taxomomic groups, from the largest (most inclusive) down to species.

Back 16

1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species

Front 17

How do you write a genus name? Species?

Back 17

1. You capitalize the Genus name and lower case the species name. Then underline or italicize both.

Front 18

What are the multicellular kingdoms (3)?

Back 18

1. Plantae
2. Fungi
3. Animalia

Front 19

When did Darwin publish "Origin of Species"?

Back 19

1. 1859 after traveling on The Beagle and observing and investigating different species and evolutionary ideas.

Front 20

What were Darwin's 5 main observations?

Back 20

1. Individuals in a population have traits that vary.
2. Many of traits are heritable (passed from parent to offspring)
3. More offspring are produced than survive.
4. Competition is inevitable
5. Species generally suit their environment

Front 21

What did Darwin infer from those observations? (2 things)

Back 21

1. Individuals best suited to environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
2. Over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous trait.

Front 22

What is meant by "unity within the diversity of life"?

Back 22

1. All species share a common ancestor.
2. For example, the forelimb of a bat, human, horse and whale flipper share a common ancestor.

Front 23

True or False: Charles Darwin rode Galapagos Tortoises.

Back 23

TRUE

Front 24

Describe the yeast experiment of the grad student Ratcliff and his advisor Travisano, in which they demonstrated just how quickly yeast populations cold evolve in response to selection.

Back 24

1. They wanted to see how species evolved from unicellular to multicellular organisms.
2. They put yeast in to a sugar solution and mixed, then took yeast from the bottom and repeated the process for two months.
3. After the two months, they found that more yeast cells would stick together in order to become heavier and sink to the bottom, thus allowing them to survive.

Front 25

Describe how natural selection can cause a population to change.

Back 25

1. Those with the better traits survive and so other species tend to adapt in order to get those traits.
2. As the yeast experiment showed, the heavier yeast at the bottom survived more and so other yeast clumped together in order to fall to the bottom.

Front 26

What's a one-sentence definition of evolution.

Back 26

1. Genetic change in a population over time.

Front 27

Do individuals evolve?

Back 27

1. No, evolution occurs in a population.
2. Microevolution occurs within a population, confined to one gene pool.
3. Macroevolution occurs above the species level.

Front 28

Can an individual undergo adaptation?

Back 28

1. No, adaptation must occur in the population. Breeding with eachother helps certain characteristics stand out over time.

Front 29

What is Speciation?

Back 29

1. The origin of new species

Front 30

What's the difference between micro-and macroevolution?

Back 30

1. Microevolution - adaptations that evolve within a population, confined to a certain gene pool.
2. Macroevolution - evolutionary change above species level.

Front 31

What is the biological species concept?

Back 31

1. group of population who have potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.

Front 32

What is gene flow and why does it matter?

Back 32

1. Gene flow is mating. When it occurs inside populations, it holds phenotype together.
2. If one species mates with another, the gene flow switches and adaptations ensue.

Front 33

Why is reproductive isolation important?

Back 33

1. It provides barriers that impede two different species from producing offspring.
2. It protects a species from becoming extinct. When coyotes moved east and bred with red wolves, it caused red wolves to become extinct because they went outside of reproductive isolation.

Front 34

T or F Galapagos Tortoises are the same on all islands.

Back 34

1. FALSE
2. Galapagos Tortoises are different and are individual to each island.

Front 35

Why are the bones in our arms the same bones as those in a chicken?

Back 35

1. We all evolved from a common ancestor.
2. "Unity in Diversity"

Front 36

How does the Theory of Evolution explain the unity of life (shared characteristics of life)

Back 36

1. We evolved from a common ancestor, however, interbreeding causes certain changes and adaptations to occur causing unity.
2. Hybrids - offspring of crosses between different species.

Front 37

Why do all mammals (whales, humans, bats etc.) have fur at some point in their lives?

Back 37

1. Because of "Unity in Diversity" All species evolve from a common ancestor, so therefore they adapt and change according to natural selection causing some to have fur at one time and others at opposite times.
2. Their environments demanded it at different times.

Front 38

What are 5 pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms?

Back 38

1. Habitat Isolation - species differ in their place of living.
2. Temporal Isolation - species that breed at different times of day, season, year, etc.
3. Behavioral Isolation - behaviors unique to species are effective barriers.
4. Mechanical Isolation - morphological differences can prevent mating.
5. Gametic Isolation - sperm cannot fertilize egg of another species

Front 39

What are 3 post-zygotic barriers?

Back 39

1. Reduced hybrid viability
- genes of a different parent species may interact and impair the hybrids development.
2. Reduced hybrid fertility
- even if hybrids are strong, they may be sterile.
3. Hybrid breakdown
- 2nd generation species are infertile and therefore cannot move forward with hybridization.

Front 40

What are the 2 types of speciation and which one is more common?

Back 40

1. Allopatric speciation MORE COMMON
- different geographical, new species
2. Sympatric speciation
- same geographic, new species

Front 41

How does allopatric speciation work? Does it require natural selection?

Back 41

1. It works when something splits up a population. Natural selection doesn't necessarily have to be at work because a river, road, mountain, country, etc can appear and split a population.
2. Example: fish in a pond speciate after the pond begins to dry up and turns in to two smaller ponds.

Front 42

What happens if two isolated populations come back together and have NOT evolved reproductive isolation?

Back 42

1. They will begin to mate again and reproduce, combining their differences back in to one species.
2. In order to fully become two species they must have reproductive barriers in place for isolation.

Front 43

What is a population?

Back 43

1. A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring

Front 44

T or F: Speciation may involve 1 gene or many.

Back 44

1. True - snails shell curvature only required one gene mutation to change.

Front 45

The two monkey flower species in Schemske's experiment were reproductively isolated. How?

Back 45

1. The bees pollinate based on certain colors and the flowers each developed their own colors.

Front 46

What is a phylogeny?

Back 46

1. Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.

Front 47

What two things did Linnaeus give us?

Back 47

1. Hierarchical groups
2. Two-part naming system

Front 48

What is a taxon?

Back 48

1. Taxon is a group of (one or more) organisms.

Front 49

Be able to recognize a polytomy, ancestral node (branching point) and sister taxa on a phylogeny.

Back 49

1. Sister taxa are on the same field goal posts, where ancestral node is where they branch from so it would be the pole that holds up the goal post.
2. Polytomy is represented as a node which has more than two immediate descending branches

Front 50

Can phylogenies change?

Back 50

1. Of course. Science is always changing and growing in new ideas. Phylogenies can change as more information comes to the surface.

Front 51

Know the parts of a phylogenetic tree and know how to read one!

Back 51

1. Phylogenetic trees show patterns of descent.
2. Fig. 26-5 in book for how to read...

Front 52

What's a clade? What's a monophyletic group? Why are they important in classification?

Back 52

1. Group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
2. They help us identify similar species by grouping them with a common descendant.

Front 53

What is convergent evolution?

Back 53

1. When 2 distant related things evolve to become similar.

Front 54

What do convergent evolution and common ancestry have in common?

Back 54

1. They both account for similarities between species, such as a bone wing or eye or shape.
2. However, convergent evolution is more based on how species adapt to environment and natural selection.

Front 55

The tree of life (of the Domains) is largely based on what kind of data?

Back 55

1. Molecular systematics
2. Genetic data?

Front 56

Draw the simple tree of life. (simple branching pattern of 3 Domains)

Back 56

1. The Archea and Eukarya are on the same side.
2. Bacteria is on its own side.

Front 57

What does a systematist do?

Back 57

1. Study of diversification and relationships among living things over time.

Front 58

How can a conservation biologist use philogenies?

Back 58

1. They can determine which species would be closely related to another so that it would mate and survive, and strive to protect the species that is not like any other ones and would die off.

Front 59

How is DNA being used to solve the mystery of "Croatoan"?

Back 59

1. They thought that maybe settlers mated with natives to survive, so they tested natives living today in the northeast part of the US and used philogenies to try and trace back genes.
2. If this situation occured, then there would be trace genes from past ancestors from Europe in the natives.

Front 60

Who is Carl Woese, what did he discover, what type of data did he use, and where does he work?

Back 60

1. Works at Uni. of Illinois
2. He discovered the 3rd domain of life, Archea, by looking at genetics of life.
3. He analyzed the genetics through philogenetic trees.

Front 61

Why is it possible to say LUCA may have been a community?

Back 61

1. LUCA - Last Univeral Common Ancestor
2. It could have been a community because this is just a common species that we branch from.

Front 62

How did Norm Pace help Woese

Back 62

1. Norm Pace helped Woese by being able to clone certain microorganisms that would otherwise be impossible to get genetic info from.
2. Norm was able to take DNA from organisms that couldn't survive outside boiling temps and insert into normal bacteria to grow, similar to a surragote mother.

Front 63

Draw a tree of life with the three major domains at the tips.

Back 63

1. Archea and Eukarya go on the same side, Bacteria has its own side.

Front 64

What is taxonomy?

Back 64

1. 1.The branch of science concerned with classification, esp. of organisms; systematics.

Front 65

Who uses phylogenies?

Back 65

1. All scientists use phylogenies, but specifically those dealing with systematists or the history of a species or organisms.

Front 66

Explain Diane Dodd's (Evolution, 43:1308-13-11) fruit fly experiment on speciation (starch and maltose). Why did she use fruit flies?

Back 66

1. In her fruit fly experiment, Dodd let some flies thrive in sugar and some in starch. After a period of time, she found that those fruit flies who had been in the environment of startch preferred mates who had also been in starch and vice versa.
2. She used fruit flies because they had a very short lifespan, so you can see genetic evolution over a shorter period of time (year, instead of millions of years)

Front 67

What is horizontal gene flow and why might you have had viruses all around your placenta?

Back 67

1. Horizontal gene flow: movement of genes from one genome to another.
2. We had viruses around placenta because we have a similar section of DNA to viruses and thus we may go back to a common ancestor.

Front 68

Why did Woese use rRNA as his main data type for looking at ancient history?

Back 68

1. Woese used rRNA because it didn't have the possibility of switching back and forth with mutations. It evolves slowly so distant related organisms could be detected.

Front 69

What are the 4 main phyla (groups) within Archaea?

Back 69

NECK
1. Korarchaeotes
2. Euryarchaeotes
3. Crenarchaeotes
4. Nanoarchaeotes

Front 70

When were Korarcheota discovered?

Back 70

1. 1996 in Yellowstone National Park

Front 71

What is a methanogen?

Back 71

1. Euryarchaotes
2. It gives off methane into the atmosphere because it takes CO2 and H2 and converts it into CH4, which produces energy.

Front 72

What is bacteriorhodopsin? What is meant by phototrophic?

Back 72

1. Pigment in Euryarchaeotes that captures sunlight for energy.
2. Use the sunlight for energy after capturing it.

Front 73

Where do the different groups of Archaea live (what are they called based on habitat)?

Back 73

1. Anaerobic environment - methanogens.
2. High-Salt concentrations - Halophiles
3. Acidic - Acidophile
4. HOT - Thermophiles

Front 74

How can Archaea affect climate?

Back 74

1. They can produce a lot of methane, which can cause air pollution and harm the atmosphere similar to carbon emissions.
2. It potentially causes global warming like carbon emissions.

Front 75

What is so special about Nanoarcheota?

Back 75

1. Doesn't have full DNA in order to live. It only lives on the outside of other Archea, thus we question if it should be classified as living.

Front 76

Why would an astrobiologist be interested in Archaea?

Back 76

1. Archaea can live in EXTREME environments, such as very hot or acidic and many different planets hold these types of environments. Thus there could be archaea/living things on those planets.