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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is science?
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body of knowledge
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What is biology?
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study of life and living things
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What is outcome 1?
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Fundamental science skills?
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What is the scientific method used for?
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solving problems
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Name all 6 steps of the scientific method?
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1. Define Problem
2. Gather relevant research (important because you need it to make an "educated" guess 3. Formulating hypothesis ^^ why you need the research 4. Test the hypothesis (experiment/lab) 5. Recording Observations 6. Drawing Conclusions |
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What is a hypothesis?
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a testable statement about the world used to make more explanations
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What is a theory?
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a well substantiated explanation of some aspect of nat. world
incorporates: facts laws inferences tested hypothesis |
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what is a law?
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a descriptive generalization about how some part of nat. world behaves under stated circumstances. Few laws-- more theory
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What is a Fact?
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an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed
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What are conclusions made from?
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outcome of experiment--not hypothesis
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If the outcome of the experiment supports the hypothesis...?
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the hypothesis has been varified
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If the outcome of the experiment does not support the hypothesis...?
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the hypothesis has been disproved
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If the hypothesis is varified you
1.? 2? and why? |
retest
and record because it may lead to a law or theory |
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If the hypothesis is disproved?
(2things) |
1. check to make sure the result is not due to an experimental error
2. form a new hypothesis based on the conclusion try again |
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Why metric system?
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most commonly known, based on units of 10 so easy
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Distance is measured in?
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meters (m)
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Mass is measured in?
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grams (g)
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Volume is measured in?
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Liters (L)
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Temperature is measured in?
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Celsius (C) or Kelvin (K)
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volume of liquid is measured in a ?
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graduated cylinder
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when its poured into a cylinder a ____ is formed
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meniscus
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where do u read from the meniscus?
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the bottom
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1cm^3=?
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1 mL
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Mass of an object can be found by 2 things?
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1. triple beam balance
2. digital scale |
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On a celsius scale the freezing point of water is?
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0 degrees
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On a celsius scale the boiling point of water is?
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100 degrees
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On a celsius scale the normal human body is ?
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37 degrees
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degress F=
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1.8C+32
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degrees C=
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(degreesF-32)/1.8
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Data table-
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used to record numerical data
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Bar graphs show?
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comparisons
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line graphs show?
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relationships
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Independent variable
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the one you knew or changed ex: time
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dependent variable-
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the one which depends on the experiment
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What is outcome two?
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Biological Classification
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What is taxonomy?
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the science of classification
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3 reasons for classification?
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common language
structural similarities ancesteral similarities |
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What are the 7 levels of classification going from most general to most specific?
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1. Kingdom
2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species |
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What is a species?
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organisms similar in structure mate under natural conditions to proude fertile offspring
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Who created the Linnean Classification system?
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Linnaeus
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How did Linnaeus use his system to classify organisms?
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used structural similarites to group species into larger and more general catagories
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what are homologies?
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structural similarities
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What is the naming system used?
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Binomial Nomnclature
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what does Binomial Nomnclature mean?
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two-name naming system
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in the Binomial Nomnclature what is the first name and what do you do with it?
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first name is the genus name
Capitalize, and either underlined or italicized |
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what is the second name in the Binomial Nomnclature and what do you do with it?
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second name is the specific epithet
do not capitalize, underline or italicize |
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What are the two types of cells making up organisms?
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
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What is prokaryotic?
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simple, primitive
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What is eukaryotic?
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complex, and advanced (true core, nucleus)
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Organisms are either m____ or u____-
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multi cellular or unicellular
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organisms can produce either?
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sexually (with sperm)
or asexually (doesnt require specialized cells) |
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Two types of nutrition for organisms are
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1. Autotrophic- makes own food (ex: plants and bacteria)
2. Hetrotrophic-feeds off other organisms (ex: humans) |
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Organisms have two types of metabolism
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Aerobic- uses oxygen
or Anaerobic- doesnt use oxygen |
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Organisms structural similarites (3)
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1. Homologous- based on DNA- similar anatomically but different in purpose
2. Analogous- show no common ancestry but are similar in structure 3. Vestigial- serve no purpose, have been passed on from ancestor that must have used them |
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Organisms have evolutionary relationships (3)
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Embryology
genetics fossil record |
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What is the first kingdom?
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Monera
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What type of cells are used in monera?
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prokaryotic
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what are the two sub-catagories in monera?
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Archaea
Eubacteria |
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What is the 2nd kingdom?
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Protista
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what type of cells does Protista carry?
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Eukaryotic
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examples of protista
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mostly aquatic
"LEFTOVER KINGDOM" everything else that does not have a place ex: algae, amoebas |
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What is the 3rd kingdom?
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Fungi
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What types of cells does Fungi carry, and what does this mean?
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eukaryotic, means multicellular with cell walls
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Give 3 charateristics and one example of Fungi
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hetrotrophic (feed off other organisms)
decomposers (sometimes parasites) non-motile ex:mushrooms, yeasts,molds |
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What is the 4th kingdom?
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Plantae
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what types of cells does Plantae carry?
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eukaryotic
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give 3 characteristics of plantae and a few examples
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multicellular with cellulose cell wall
photoautotrohpic (makes food from sun) sexual or asexual ex: mosses, ferns |
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What is the 5th Kingdom?
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Animalia
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What types of cells does Animalia carry?
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eukaryoitc (multicellular)
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give two characteristics of animalia and a few examples
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hetrotrophic (feeds off of other organisms)
typically motile sexual ex: worms, insects, birds, reptiles, humans |
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Differences among members of a species is called?
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variation
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Classification involves making branched diagrams of evolutionary history called?
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cladistics
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What are the 3 ways that stay separate?
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1. dont meet
2. meet and breed unfertile offspring 3. meet but dont breed |
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What is outcome 3?
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human classification
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What kingdom do humans belong to?
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Animalia
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What phylum do humans belong to?
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Chordata
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What class do humans belong to?
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Mammalia
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what order to humans belong to?
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primates
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What family do humans belong to?
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hominidae
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what genus do humans belong to?
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homo
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what species are humans?
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homo sapiens
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____, _____,and ____ belong to an _____ of _____ called _____
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humans, monkeys, and apes, order of mammals called primates
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4 characteristics of primates
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eyes face forward
complex brains an opposable thumb flexible shoulders and rotating forelimbs |
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homologous evidence supporting humans as primates
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thumbs, forelimbs, brain and eyes
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molecular evidence supporting humans as primates
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nucleotide sequences in DNA of humans show similarity with gorillas and chimps
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Fossil evidence supporting humans as primates
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evolved from the african apes
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Metabolism
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all of the chemical reactions occuring within the cells of an organism
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Respiration
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chemcial process by which an organism obtains energy from food materials in order to maintain life functions
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Nutrition
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all activities that an organism does to get materials from the environment and prepare them for use
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2 reasons for nutrition
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all living things need energy
all living things need raw materials for growth and repair |
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what are the 3 steps of nutrition
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ingestion
digestion egestion |
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What is ingestion?
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taking in materials from the environment
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What is digestion
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breaking down materials to prepare for use
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Egestion
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passing of waste which cannot be digested and used (solid waste)
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What is excretion?
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removal of waste products that the organism itself has made (not elimination of feces) ex: sweat, pee, mucus, blowing nose
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Transport
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absorption and distribution of materials within an organism (circulation of materials) ex: circulatory system internal movement
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Synthesis
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the process by which an organism builds large molecules from smaller ones
ex: drugs, poisons, waxes |
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Growth
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using the products of synthesis to increase the cell size or number (due to increase in number of cells)
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Reproduction
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the production of new individuals (**this must occur for a species to survive, however an individual organism does not need to reproduce in order to survive)
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Regulation
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the coordination and control of the activities of an organism and the responses to its environment
or the response to stimuli (adrenaline reaction) |
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Homeostasis
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the condition of a constant internal environment
ex: body temp remains relativly constant in warm-blooded animals ex: the amount of gluclose in blood needs to be within a certain range |
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possible and true explanations of complex probelms are called?
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theories
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possible and true explanations of complex probelms are called?
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theories
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a duplicate experiment which is exactly the same with no variables is called a?
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control
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observations or numerical records taken during an experiment is called?
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data
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sceintific facts which can be backed by proof are called?
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laws
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the science of classification is called?
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taxonomy
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a simple or primitive cell is called?
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prokaryotic
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a remnant structure not used by an organism
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vestigial
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an experimental variable controlled by the scientist is called?
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independent variable
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