Biology Test 1

Front 1

What is Biology?

Back 1

The study of living things
"bios" life
"ology" study of

Front 2

Characteristics of living things

Back 2

1. every living thing is made of cells
2.exchange gasses with the environment (oxygen in - carbon dioxide out)
3.trillion cells in our body
4.adaption of process (evolve)
5. ability to reproduce (asexually/sexual)
6.grow and develop
7. acquire energy (
8.DNA- every cell has (genetic printout of cells)

Front 3

cell

Back 3

most basic unit of life
(three million cells in our body)

Front 4

What is ATP

Back 4

energy molecule that every living thing needs

Front 5

Scientific method

Back 5

1. observation
2.state the problem
3. form a hypothesis
4. test the hypothesis
5, draw a conclusion

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hypothesis

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educated guess based on information collected by an individual

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scientific theory

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a generally accepted of a concept
or
broad explanation of a natural phenomena

Front 8

Scientific law and principle

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a description of natural phenomena that doesn't vary
(motion and gravity)

Front 9

element

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any substance that can't be broken down into any other substance
total of 117 as of 2007
94 occur naturally

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atom

Back 10

the smallest portion of an element that still remains the properties of that element
possesses an orbiting cloud of electrons
same 3 of protons as electrons

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3 major sub-atomic particles

Back 11

proton +
electron -
neutron +/-

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nucleus

Back 12

an atom's central core
contains protons and neutrons

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Atomic number

Back 13

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
(same number of protons as electrons)

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Mass number (atomic mass)

Back 14

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus
How electrons are arranged in an atom

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orbital

Back 15

a region of space around the nucleus in which neutrons are likely to be at any instant

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how do electrons remain in orbital

Back 16

by their attraction to positively charged nucleus

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Electron shell

Back 17

electrons are arranged in shells orbitals around to nucleus

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Maximum number in first energy shell

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2

Front 19

maximum number in second energy shell

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8

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maximum number in third energy shell

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18
stable at 8

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isotope

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multiple forms of an atom
same atomic number different atom (different mass number)

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3 ways an unstable electron can reestablish a ground state

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1. fluorescence (release the extra energy in the form of radiation)
2. heat ( energy released in the form of heat)
3. release of high energy electron form the atom

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Ion

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atom that has gained or lost electrons

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oxydation

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the loss of an electron (positive)

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reduction

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the gain of an electron (negative)

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Molecule

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two or more atoms
(two or more atoms held together by bonds)

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compound

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a chemical combination, in a fixed ratio, of two or more elements

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chemical bonds

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the force holding two atoms together

Front 29

what are the two main types of bonds that holds two atoms together?

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covalent and Ionic bonds

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covalent bond

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sharing electrons

Front 31

ionic bond

Back 31

give or gain electrons
(donated from one atom to another)

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polar

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non-equal sharing

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non-polar

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equal sharing

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electronegativity

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(more positive charge more electronegativity)
the tendency for an atom to pull electrons towards itself

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non polar covalent bond

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a type of covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity, the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atoms, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive

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ionic bond

Back 36

a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged
IE: table salt NaCL

Front 37

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 37

is formed when two molecules share an atom of hydrogen

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ph scale

Back 38

range from 0 (acidic) 7 (neutral) 14 (base)
more hydrogen ions the acidity increases

Front 39

acidity

Back 39

measuring the concentration of the hydrogen ion

Front 40

hydrogen ion

Back 40

two single protons (H+)

Front 41

Acid

Back 41

a substance that releases the hydrogen ion (H+) in to solution

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Base

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a substance that reduces the (H+) concentration in a solution

Front 43

Buffers

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are mixtures of acid and corresponding base, substances that only ionize can soak up excess Hions

Front 44

water

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makes up approximately 60 % to 70% of an adults body
essential for the body's function
is the main constitute of most living organisms, inc plants animals and bacteria

Front 45

water functions

Back 45

solvent, metabolism, lubricant, body temp, digestion, carrying waste

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hydrogen bonding

Back 46

polar covalent bond
absorb heat when they break down and release
85% of the hydrogen bond remains intact for liquid water at 0 degrees C

Front 47

Specific heat

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is the thermal capacity of a substance (the amount of energy that must be absorbed for a given temperature rises

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criteria for H20

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high ability to absorb lots of heat (from environment) able to move heat.

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heat of vaporization

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is the energy required to separate molecules from the liquid phase and move them into adjacent vapor phase without change in temperature water has high heat of vaporization (water absorbs heat)

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States of water

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condensation: a gas changed into a liquid
liquid: evaporates into a gas
freezing liquid: turns into a solid
solid: melts to become liquid

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sublimation

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a solid changing into a gas

Front 52

frost formation

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when gas becomes a solid

Front 53

solvent

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any fluid in which one or more substances can dissolve

Front 54

solute

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any substance that is dissolved in a solvent
(becomes ionized surrounding hydrogen shell to keep from reacting together)
forms a hydrogen shell around (+) and (-)

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2 groups of substances

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hydrophobic, hydrophillic

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hydrophillic

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(water loving) substance is polar and is attracted to water molecules (dissolve in water ie: sugar salt)

Front 57

hydrophobic

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(water dreading) substance is wholly or largely non-polar, tends to be repelled by water

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water is essential for

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photosynthesis

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photosynthesis

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can't live without, makes oxygen, (gets energy through consumption)
the link between us and energy
takes carbon dioxide from the environment
keeps in acceptable range (global warming)

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chemical foundation of the cell

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about 25 of the 94 known elements are essential for life

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most abundant elements in the human body:

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Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Carbon (93%)
Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Potassium (6%)

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Compounds

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have approximately 20 atoms
IE: simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides

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simple sugars serve 2 purposes

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sources of energy
building blocks for larger molecule

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carbohydrates

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sugar

Front 65

lipids

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fatty acids

Front 66

protiens

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amino acid

Front 67

nucleic acids

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DNA

Front 68

monosaccharide

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i molecule of sugar in it
all have this formula: CH2O
simplest carbohydrate
monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides

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disaccharide

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2 molecules of sugar in it

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polysaccharide

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many sugar molecules in it

Front 71

most famous simple sugars

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fructose and glucose

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glucose

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six carbon sugar
key sugar in metabolism, primary energy source in body
long chain of carbohydrates, starch and cellulose

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triose

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3 carbon sugars

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tetrose

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4 carbon sugars

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pentos

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5 carbon sugars

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hexose

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6 carbon sugars

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fructose

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six carbon sugar
sweeter than glucose
major components of fruits and honey
form a 5-member ring structure

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Isomer

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one of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefor different properties

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disaccharide

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a double sugar
consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis (has to loose 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen)

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sucrose

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(most famous disaccharide)
prevalent in sugar cane and sugar beets
is composed of glucose and fructose through a covalent bond (glycosidicbond)
is the form of sugar that is generally transplanted through plants

Front 81

glycosidic bond

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glucose and fructose combined by dehydration

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polysaccharide

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a polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by condensation synthesis (form a chain)
insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
complex carbohydrates
may serve and store energy (such as starch and glycogen)

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polymer

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a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together

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glycogen (starch)

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human
complex carbohydrate polymer of glucose
function primarily short term energy storage in animal cells
stored mainly in liver

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cellulose (starch)

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plant
found in the cell walls
polysaccharide consisting of linear chains of several hundred to over 10 thousand linked glucose units
cant digest

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how much cellulose is found in wood or trees?

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50%

Front 87

protiens

Back 87

a three dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.

Front 88

how many different amino acids in our body

Back 88

20

min of 100 to 20,000 could link together to make one single protien

Front 89

an organic molecule each consists of

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amino group
carboxyl group
hydrogen atom
R-group

Front 90

what is the simplest amino acid

Back 90

glycogen

Front 91

second simplest amino acid

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alanine

Front 92

R-group

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any number of carbons in a hydrocarbon chain

Front 93

proline

Back 93

very important in a plant
combats stress

Front 94

pep-tide bond

Back 94

the covenant bond bond between two amino acid units, formed by condensation synthesis
(amino group loses H) (carboxyl group loses OH) and make a pep-tide bond unit with dehydration synthesis.

Front 95

another word for protein (amino acids)

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pep-tide bond

Front 96

protiens

Back 96

are formed when large number of amino acids are linked together
sometimes known as polypeptides

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how many amino acids can humans produce?

Back 97

10 to 20

Front 98

Essential Amino Acids

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can't be produced internally
must be supplied by the food we eat
must have the proper mix of meat and veg for proper production

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croascoa disease

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amino acid deficiency, bloated belly
also known as a protein deficiency

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most enzymes are

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proteins

Front 101

enzymes catalyze all of the reactions in

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living cells

Front 102

proteins are important structural components of cells, for instance----------------------are made of protein.

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cell membranes, spider silk, and fingernails

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every cell is surrounded by membrane, and 40% to 60% of membrane is

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protein

Front 104

many hormones are protein such as

Back 104

insulin

Front 105

primary structure

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the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
(each protein has a different primary structure)

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secondary structure

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the three dimensional coiled arrangement which resembles a spiral staircase
every 3.6 amino acids and they twist

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tertiary structure

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polypeptide chains may also fold up to for global structure due to infractions of side chain involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds

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all biological active enzymes are

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tertiary structures

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tertiary structures all have

Back 109

carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulfide in them