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12 Cards in this Set
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CHAPTER 11 Definitions |
Cellular Differentiation - The process by which a cell becomes specialized in order to perform a specific function Gene Regulation - includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA) Gene Expression - the appearance in a phenotype of a characteristic or effect attributed to a particular gene. Operon - It consists of three adjacent structural genes, a promoter, a terminator, and an operator. X-Chromosomes Inactivation - is a process by which one of the copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is inactivated. Silencers - In genetics, a silencer is a DNA sequence capable of binding transcription regulation factors, called repressors. Activators - any agency bringing about activation; a molecule that increases the activity of an enzyme or a protein that increases the production of a gene product in DNA transcription. Antonyms: inhibitor. Cell Signaling - is part of a complex system of communication that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates cell actions. Homeotic Genes - are genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms such as insects, mammals, and plants. |
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What is responsible for different cell types? |
The great differences among cells in an organism must result from the selective expression of genes.
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what are the components of an Operon? |
a promoter, a control sequence where thetranscription enzyme attaches and initiatestranscription,– an operator, a DNA segment that acts as a switchthat is turned on or off, and– a repressor, which binds to the operator andphysically blocks the attachment of RNApolymerase and transcription. |
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Know how the lac operon works and how it's regulated. |
a promoter, a control sequence where thetranscription enzyme attaches and initiatestranscription,
an operator, a DNA segment that acts as a switchthat is turned on or off, and a repressor, which binds to the operator andphysically blocks the attachment of RNApolymerase and transcription. |
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In Eukaryotic cells, how is regulation at the level of initiation of transcription controlled? |
• The initiation of transcription is the most importantstage for regulating gene expression.• In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, regulatory proteins– bind to DNA and– turn the transcription of genes on and off.
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In Eukaryotic cells, how is regulation at the level of initiation of translation controlled?
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The process of translation offers additionalopportunities for regulation by regulatorymolecules.
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What are DNA microarrays used for? |
A DNA microarray allows visualization of geneexpression.• The pattern of glowing spots enables theresearcher to determine which genes were beingtranscribed in the starting cells.• Researchers can thus learn which genes are active
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CHAPTER 12 Definitions |
Biotechnology - is the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products
DNA Technology - techniques for studying and manipulating genetic material, modifying specific genes, and moving genes between organisms Recombinant DNA - is constructed when scientists combine pieces of DNA from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule. Genetic Engineering - the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. Genetically modified organism - organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means. Transgenic organism - contains a gene from another organism, typically of another species. Plasmids - small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the larger bacterial chromosome. Vector - DNA carriers that move genes from one cell to another Restrictions Enzymes - which cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences DNA Ligase - connects the DNA pieces into continuous strands by forming bonds between adjacent nucleotides. Sticky End - DNA Profiling - can be used to determine if two samples of geneticmaterial are from a particular individual Forensics - the scientific analysis of evidence from crimescenes. Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) -is a technique to copy quickly and precisely aspecific segment of DNA Short Tandem Repeats - short sequences of DNA and– repeated many times, tandemly (one afteranother), in the genome. |
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Be Able to give examples of genetically modified foods. |
corncrop and more than three-quarters of the soybeanand cotton crops are genetically modified.• Corn has been genetically modified to resist insectinfestation, attack by an insect called the Europeancorn borer. Strawberry plants produce bacterial proteins thatact as a natural antifreeze, protecting the plantsfrom cold weather.• Potatoes and rice have been modified to produceharmless proteins derived from the cholerabacterium and may one day serve as ediblevaccines.
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How are fragments of DNA inserted into vectors |
Isolate plasmids. Cut both DNAs with same enzyme. Isolate DNA. Gene of interest Other genes DNA fragments from cell Mix the DNA fragments and join them together. DNA Cell containing the gene of interest Gene of interest
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What is the Difference between STR analysis and RFLP? |
STRs used in DNA profiling are from the non-coding regions. These are short tandem repeats - one simple motif of usually 4-5 bp is repeated many times. Number of those repeats is different in different people, and if you analyze sufficient number of loci, you will be able to distinguish persons. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms are DNA fragments of different length created by the activity of restriction enzymes. Since restriction enzymes cut only certain (palindromic) sequences, the result is DNA fragment of a certain length between those sequences. We also differ in the length of those fragments between palindromes, so it can be used for DNA profiling, although it is not very much used now, at least not in forensics.
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What is gel electrophoresis and how does it work? |
Once the DNA samples are loaded onto the gel, an electric current is applied to the gel. DNA is negatively charged due to all the phosphate groups in the backbone of DNA. Thus, DNA will move towards the positive electrode. As the pieces of DNA move through the gel, they will meet with resistance.
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