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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Hypothesis |
Proposed explanation or answer to a scientific question. |
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Define Independent Variable |
Condition or factor that is manipulated by scientist during an experiment. |
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Define Dependent Variable |
Experimental data collected through observation and measurment. |
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Define Constants |
condition that is controlled so that it does not change through out the experiment.
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Define Experimental Group |
the group being experimented on. |
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Define Control Group |
group not being experimented |
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Define Theory |
proposed explanation for a wide variety of observations and experimental results. |
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list the 5 levels of organization from cell to organism |
cell- tissue- organ- organ system- organism |
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Define Organic |
anything w/ a carbon and hydrogen bond. |
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Define monomers |
molecular sub unit of a polymer |
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Define polymer |
large carbon based molecule formed by monomers |
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define chemical reactions |
process by which substances change into different substances through the breaking and forming chemical bonds. |
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define reactants |
substance changed by a chemical reaction |
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define products |
substance produced by a chemical rection |
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what side are the reactants on in an equation |
the left side of the yield sign |
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what side are the products on in an equation |
the right side of the yield sign |
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what kind of molecule are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
Organic molecules |
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what is the sub units of carbohydrates |
monomer is monosaccharides and the polymer is a polysacharides |
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what is the sub unit of lipids |
associate it with phospholipids and triglyceride |
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what is the sub unit of proteins |
monomer is amino acids and the polymer is proteins |
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what is the sub unit of nucleic acids |
associate it with nucleotides |
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what is the function of carbohydrates |
chemical energy for cells
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what is the function of lipids |
energy for cells and helps in the cell structure |
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what is the function of a protein |
make energy for cells |
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what is the function of a nucleic acid |
instructions to build proteins |
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which organic compounds are in carbohydrates |
carbon. hydrogen, oxygen |
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what organic compounds are in lipids |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
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what organic compounds are in proteins |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
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what organic compounds are in nucleic acids |
nitrogen and phosphate |
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define catalyst |
substance that decreases activation energy and increases reaction rate in a chemical reaction |
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define enzyme |
protein that catalyzes chemical reactions |
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cells are a basic structure of all things |
living |
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define prokaryote |
do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles. |
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define eukaryote |
have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. |
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what is the advantage of a multi cellular organism rather than a unicellular organism |
a multi cellular can send certain jobs for other cell to do more for the organism where as the unicell can only do things in one cell. |
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cell membrane |
boundary between cell and outside |
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cytoplasm |
jelly substance containing organelles and building blocks for the cell |
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nucleus |
store house for genetic info |
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mitochondria |
power house for the cell |
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endo plasmic reticulum |
helps produce many things for the cell with the help of ribosomes. |
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ribosome |
links amino acids together to form proteins |
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golgi body |
post office for proteins |
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lysosome |
contains enzymes and protects cell wall |
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vacuole |
sac for storage |
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cell wall (plants) |
rigid layer for strong sturdy protection |
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chloroplasts |
carry out photosynthesis |
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define passive transport |
movement of molecules across the cell membrane w/out energy input of the cell |
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define diffusion |
movement of dissolved particles from higher to lower concentration |
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define facilitated diffusion |
diffusion of molecules assisted by protein channels that pierce the cell membrane |
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define osmosis |
diffusion of water across a semi- permeable membrane from an area of higher to lower concentration |
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define active transport |
energy is required by the cell for transportation |
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define selectivley permeable membrane |
allows some materials to pass the membrane but not all |
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list 3 parts of the cell theory |
-all organisms are made of cells -all existing cells are from other cells -the cell is the most basic unit of life |
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define photosynthesis |
process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store energy for the cell |
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what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis |
equation: |
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how do plants get water |
through their roots |
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how do plants get carbon dioxide |
through the stomata or stoma singular |
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what is the products of photosynthesis |
glucose and oxygen |
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what does it mean to synthesized |
to make |
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define cellular respiration |
releases chemical energy from sugar and other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present |
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what is the equation of cellular respiration |
equation: |
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what are the 3 products of cellular respiration |
carbon dioxide, water, ATP ( heat energy ) |
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what organelle does cellular respiration occur |
mitochondria |
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compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis |
they are polar opposites |
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define aerobic |
needs oxygen |
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define anaerobic |
does not need oxygen |
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define glycolysis |
splits glucose into two 3- carbon molecules and makes 2 molecules of ATP |
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where does glycolysis occur in the cell |
in the cytoplasm and this process is anaerobic |
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define fermentation |
does not make ATP but allows glycolysis to continue which will make energy. it removes electrons from NADH molecules and recycles NAD+ molecules for glycolysis |
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where does fermentation occur? |
in the cytoplasm |
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glycolysis and fermentation are both what kind of process. |
anaerobic process meaning they do not need oxygen to carry put the process |
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what did watson and crick discover |
dna structure of the double helix |
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what does DNA stand for |
Deoxyribose nucleic acid |
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what does DNA look like |
a twisted stair case, double helix |
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what is the function of DNA |
hold information about the cell |
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what are the 3 parts that make up a nucleotide? |
phosphate group, deoxyribose (sugar), nitrogen containing base. |
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what are the 4 bases of DNA |
adenosine, thymine, guanine, cytosine |
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define DNA replication |
DNA is copied during the cell cycle |
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when in the cell cycle does replication occur |
the (S) Synthesis phase, during interpahse |
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why do cells replicate |
to make sure that every cell has a complete set of identical genetic information |
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what is the base pairing rule |
adenosine- thymine cytosine- guanine |
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define cell cycle |
regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication and cell division |
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list the 3 phases of the cell cycle |
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis |
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list the 3 phases of interphase |
G1 S G2 |
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what is G1 phase of interphase |
growth one phase is when the cells grow and carry out normal functions and they replicate their oragnelles |
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what is S phase |
Synthesis phase consists of DNA synthesis |
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what is G2 stage |
Growth 2 stage is additional growth of the cell |
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what happens in prophase of mitosis |
centrioles are going to opposite poles |
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what happens in metaphase of mitosis |
chromosomes are lined up at the equator of the cell and spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes |
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what happens in anaphase of mitosis |
spindle fibers pull the chromosome appart to their respective poles of the cell |
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what happens in telophase of mitosis |
membrane forms around chromosomes, getting prepared for cytokinesis |
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what is cytokinesis |
divides cell cytoplasm resulting in 2 daughter cells |
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what 3 things are different between RNA and DNA |
-the sugar in RNA is RIbose and DNA is deoxyribose -Uracil is in RNA instead of Thymine in DNA -RNA is a single strand of nucleotides and DNA is a twisted double helix |
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define transcription |
process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA |
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define codon |
3 nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid |
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what does a codon code for |
an amino acid |
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list the 3 types of RNA |
mRNA tRNA rRNA |
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what is mRNA |
messenger RNA- intermediate message that is translated to form a protein |
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what is tRNA |
transfer RNA- brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome to help make growing protein |
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what is rRNA |
ribosomal RNA- froms part of ribosomes, a cells protein factory |
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define translation |
process that converts or translates an mRNA message into a polypeptide |
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define mutation |
a change in a organisms DNA |
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associate mRNA with what |
anti codon |
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associate tRNA with what |
codon |
