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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a risk factor and give examples. |
Anything that increases the likelihood of an individual suffering from a particular disease. Eg. Aspects of a individuals lifestyle Substances in an individuals body Substances in an individuals environment |
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What can affect the risk of disease in a person's lifestyle? |
Diet Alcohol consumption Level of exercise Smoking |
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What are aspects of a person's environment that can affect their risk of disease? |
Exposure to toxic chemicals Overexposure to sunlight |
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Risk factors for cardiovascular disease? |
A diet high in saturated fat A diet high in salt Physical inactivity Smoking |
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What is transpiration? |
It starts with the evaporation of water from cells inside the leaf. The water vapour then diffuses through the air spaces I'm the spongy mesophyll and out of the leaf through the stomata. Now water passes from the xylem into the leaf to replace the water that has been lost. Finally, water is drawn into the root hair cells and up the xylem vessels to the leaf. |
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Why are water and dissolved mineral ions needed for the plant? |
Water for photosynthesis Mineral ions such as magnesium to make chlorophyll. |
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When is the rate of transpiration higher and why? |
At high temperatures - evaporation Dry and windy conditions - water vapour is removed by the wind Higher light intensity - increases the rate of photosynthesis. |
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What do epidermal cells do? |
The top and bottom of the plant are covered in epidermal cells. These are very thin. The upper epidermis is transparent. This allows light to pass through to the photosynthetic cells below. It is also covered in waxy cuticle to reduce evaporation. The lower epidermis has tiny pores called stomata. These allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to leave the leaf. They also help control the amount of water vapour that can pass out of the leaf. . They also help control the amount of water vapour that can pass out of the leaf. |
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What is in palisade cells? |
Chloroplasts |
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Why is the spongy mesophyll full of air spaces? |
They allow carbon dioxide to diffuse from the stomata through the spongy mesophyll to the palisade cells. |
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What does phloem tissue transport and why? |
Dissolved sugars produced by photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant. These can be used immediately eg. Glucose can be used in respiration They can also be stored eg. Starch |
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Where is amylase made and what does it break down? |
Made in the salivary glands, pancreas and the small intestine. It is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch. |
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Where is protease made and what does it break down? |
Made in the stomach, the pancreas and the small intestine. Breaks proteins down into amino acids. |
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Where is lipase made and what does it break down? |
It is made in the pancreas and the small intestine. Breaks lipids into glycerol and fatty acids. |
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What happens in the liver? |
Bile is produced. Bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats. |
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What happens in the gall bladder? |
Bile is stored before it is released in the small intestine. |
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What happens in the large intestine? |
Excess water is absorbed from food. |
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What happens in the small intestine? |
Protease, amylase and lipase enzymes are produced. Digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood. |
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What happens in the pancreas? |
It produces protease, lipase, and amylase enzymes. These are released into the small intestine. |
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What happens in the stomach? |
Food is pummeled with its muscular walls. Hydrochloric is produced to kill bacteria and give the right pH for the protease enzyme to work. |
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What is coronary heart disease? |
It is when the coronary arteries that supply blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up. This causes arteries to become narrow, so blood flow is restricted and there is a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle. |
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What are stents? |
They are a tube that are inserted inside your arteries. They keep them open, making sure blood can pass through. |
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Advantages and disadvantages of stents? |
Effective for a long time and you recover from surgery quickly. Risk of complications during surgery and infection. A blood clot could be developed. |
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What are statins? |
They are drugs that reduce the amount of bad cholesterol. |
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Advantages and disadvantages of statins? |
Reduces risk of strokes and heart attacks. Increases amount of good cholesterol. Long term drug - might forget to take them. Can have negative side effects. |
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What are arteries and how are they adapted to their function? |
They transport blood away from the heart. Walls are strong and elastic due to high pressure Thick layers of muscle to make then strong |
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What are veins and how are they adapted to their function? |
Transport blood to the heart. Not as thick as artery walls as blood is at a lower pressure Wide lumen to carry a large volume of blood. Have valves to prevent backflow. |
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What are capillaries and how are they adapted to their function? |
Located within the tissues of the body and transport blood to the body's cells. They receive blood from the arteries and move it towards the veins. Permeable so substances can diffuse in and out. Only 1 cell thick, which increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which in occurs. |
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What are red blood cells? |
They transport oxygen round the body. They contain a protein called haemoglobin which binds to oxygen. They have no nucleus, maximising their space for haemoglobin. |
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What is transported to and from cells using the circulatory system? |
Oxygen and glucose are transported to cells for respiration, and waste products like urea and carbon dioxide are transported away from cells |
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What is the equation for cardiac output? |
Stroke volume x heart rate |
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How to test for sugars? |
Benedicts test Food sample in the water bath for five minutes It will change from blue to either green, yellow or brick red. |
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Test for starch? |
Iodine solution Food sample in test tube and shake It will turn from browny orange to black or blue black |
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Test for proteins? |
Biuret test Sample in test tube and shake The solution will turn from blue to pink or purple |
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Test for lipids? |
Sudan III solution Sample in test tube and shake The sample will separate into two layers The top layer will be bright red |
