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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain main characteristics of viruses.
Size: Shape: 2 Common Structure Components: |
The size of a virus is 1/500 as large as an animal or plant cell and 1/50 as large as bacterial cells.
There are many shapes to viruses so they are said to have no generalities about shape. 1- covering or coat over all viruses which is made of proteins called capsid proteins 2- the inner core of all viruses contain genetic information either encoded in DNA or RNA depending on virus type. There is also some proteins and enzymes inside the core. |
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What are viruses that attack bacteria and viruses that attack plants called?
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Bacteriophages
Tobacco Mosaic Virses |
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Name 2 viruses with DNA material.
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Bacteriophages & Small Pox Virus
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Name some viruses with RNA material.
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Polio, Rabies, HIV, Influenza, Common Cold
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What is a third component that only some viruses have in common and what are 2 of the viruses which have this trait?
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The 3rd component is called the envelope which is a bilayer membrane surrounding the capsid protein coat.
Measles and HIV both have this in common. |
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What are viruses not regarded as living organisms?
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They have no cells, they cannont respond to their enviroment, they require a host to replicate, and they have no metabolism.
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What are the five main stages of all virual replication?
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Attachment- virus particale chemically recognize and lock onto receptors of host cell
Penetration- Either virus or its genetic material enter the cell into the cytoplasm Replication and Synthesis- Virus's genetic material directs hosts transcription and translation to make virus's nucleic acids and proteins Assembly- New infectious particles are built Release- New virus particles are released from the cell |
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Explain the lytic and lysogenic pathways of virus replication.
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Lytic pathway- rapid viral replication which are released when cell dies
Lysogenic pathway- genes of virus are intergrated into cells and may be inactive through many cell divisions before being replicated in the lytic pathway |
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How are viruses both harmful and helpful?
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Virues such as baculovirus is used in control insect pests which can be very helpful but viruses such as Rhabdovirus and HIV cause dieases such as Rabies and AIDS that have life long effect
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What are the main common charateristics of bacteria and archaea?
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-They are all prokaryotes:
No nucleus, and other organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. -Only one haploid chromosome. -reproduce by prokaryotic fission -single-celled organisms |
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What are the three basic shapes of bacteria formally known as?
Rod Circular Sprial |
Bacillus
Coccus Sprillum |
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There are two basic types of bacteria and archaea related to metabloism, what are they?
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Autotrophic and Heterotropic
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What are the two classes of autotrophs and what are the difference between the two?
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Chemoautotrophs & Photoautotrophs
The difference in the two are where their energy supply comes from CHEMO's come from chemical compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and PHOTO's come from carbon dioxide, water and solar energy. |
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How do hetertrophs get their food if they cannot harvest if from chemicals or sunlight?
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They get their energy from breaking down complex organic compounds from their enviroment. Normally these bacteria and archaea are decomposers
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Name a few the usual places the bacteria and archaea can live.
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Near boiling hot springs
Deep ocean hydrothermal vents Deep below earths surface Antarctic sea ice Dead sea Very acidic and very basic enviroments as well |
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What is the role of bacteria and archaea at hydrothermal vents far below the oceans surface?
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They are the primary produces, living off the chemical compounds in the vents and being fed on by the other ususals creatures found living near by
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What are some of the benefical things bacteria and archaea do for humans?
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They live in our intestines supplying us with Vitamin K
Tang in yogurt sour in sourdough bread help to make cheese and sauerkraut make nitrogen fertilizer |
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What are some of the harmful bacteria and their disease?
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Bacillus anthracis- Anthrax
Clostridium botulinum- Botulism Clostridium tetanus- Tetanus |
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Describe the basic characteristics of fungi and their life cycle.
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(Find out at review session)
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What is fungi's role in ecosystems?
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They are hetertrophs and very important decomposers. They help the cycling of nutrients.
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They have mutualistic relationships with what three organisms?
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Green algae, cyanobacteria, and plants
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Do fungi have a haploid of diploid dominated life cycle?
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Haploid dominated
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What is the symbiotic relationship between algae and Fungi called?
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Lichen
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What are some basic characteristics concerning algae?
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-Water supports the plant
-Whole algae performs photosynthesis; absorbs water, CO2, and minerals from the water -A part called the HOLDFAST holds anchors the plant to the sea floor |
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What are red algae used for?
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They make polysaccharides for solidify baked goods, dairy porducts, and cosmetics.
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What are brown algae used for?
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Commonly known as giant kelp, they make a thickening agent for ice cream, pudding, jellybeans, and salad dressings.
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What are green algae used for?
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Nothing? They live in fresh water either by themselves or as single celled individuals.
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How do lichens benefit other organisms?
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As it colonizes on habitats not suited for most plants such as rocks it secretes acids that eventually break down the rock into soil benefiting other plants and animals.
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What did plants do as they moved onto land to deal with the absence of water?
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They developed root systems to draw water from the ground, waxy leaves to prevent evaporation, and vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients from one part to another.
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What did plants do as the moved onto land to deal with the greater gravitational pull?
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Their cell walls became more structually rigid so they could withstand the pull of gravity.
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How did plants adapt to not having ample amounts of water for fertilizing?
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The evolved to need very little or no water to fertilize with animals, insects, wind, and other organisms.
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What are some examples of nonvascular, seedless plants?
Otherwise known as bryophytes? |
Moss, liverworts, hornworts
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What are some examples of vascular seedless plants?
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Ferns, horsetails
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What are some examples of vascular, seeding, non-flowering plants?
Also known as gymnosperms? |
Conifers, pine trees, cycads
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What ar some examples of vascular, seeding, flowering plants?
Also known as angiosperms? |
Roses, petunia, daffodil, grasses, oak trees
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For each of the following give the stage the is more dominant and the difference from the rest of the cycles:
Bryophytes- Seedless Vascular- Seeding Plants- |
Bryotphytes:
-----haploid, they must have water droplets to carry their sperm to the egg Seedless Vascular- -------Haploid, they require water to sexually reproduce but unlike bryophytes their sporophytes include vascular tissue and produce lignin reinforced cell walls Seeding- -------Diploid, they have to have an insect, wind, or other organisms move the pollen to the egg to create new plants |
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Megaspores form ___________ and the microspores form ___________.
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female gametophyte
male gametophyte |
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Define vegative reproduction.
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reproduction of plants without fertilization or replication. simple cutting a piece and planting it to grow an identical plant
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What is lignin?
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organic compound that strengthens cell walls and reinforces stems thus allowing plants to stand upright
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What are the male reproductive parts of a flower?
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Collectively known as the stamen. Made of two parts filament, and the anther. This is where pollen is made (the male gametophyte)
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What are the female reproductive parts of a flower?
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Collectively known as the carpel. Made up of the stigma, the style, ovary, the ovule, and the eggs.
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What is the differenece between pollination and fertilization?
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Pollination is the acutal transfer of gametophytes, pollen to the stigma and fertilization is when the two fuse to form the zygote.
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What is a seed?
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A seed is a mature ovule containing the plant embryo, form by fusion of the egg and sperm; food reserves from the endosperm; and a thick coat for protection.
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What is a fruit?
What are few examples of a fruit? |
A fruit is a mature ovary used to disperse seeds. It is not limited to what people called fruits. Some examples are pea pods, apples, cucumbers, and corn kernels.
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Idenitify the parts of seeds and fruits.
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use real notecard here
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Basic Parts of the plant
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use real notecard here
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What is the germination for a monocot? Eudicot?
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Monocots break two growths out of the seed, one as a root, the other the main growth of plant.
Eudicots have only one growth in germination from the seed and the seed coating breaks away leaving the plant beginnings. |
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What is germination?
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When a seed resumes growth after a period of dormancy. They are "awaken" by many enviromental changes such as soil moisture, temp., oxygen levels, and amount of light.
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What is a meristem?
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Specific regions of which rapid cell division and growth occurs.
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What is the apical meristem?
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Found at the tips of all roots and shoots. This meristem cause primary growth (lengthening of plant)
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What is the lateral meristem?
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Found in roots and stems. This meristem causes secondary growth (growth of diameter)
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What is the effect of gibberellin on plants?
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The hormone speeds up or makes growth much better than on plants without it.
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What is tropism?
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When any plant root or shoot grows toward or away from external stimulus.
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What is gravitropism?
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plant growth repsonses to gravity
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What is phototropism?
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plant growth in response to light
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What does auxin do during phototropism?
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Auxin is a hormone that causes cell elongation. When one side of the plant isn't getting as much light as the other auxin builds up and plant "leans" toward the sun because one side is growing faster.
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What are the main differences between a monocot and a eudicot at the level of flower parts, root, stem, and leaf tissue.
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Eudicots:
Flower-- parts in 4 & 5 multiples Root system-- one large, with small (called tap root) Stem tissue-- arranged geometricly Leaf tissue-- veins are netlike Monocot: Flower-- parts in multiples of 3 Root system-- Fiborous (many roots branching from each other) Stem tissue-- arranged without any really pattern Leaf tissue-- veins run paraellel to each other |
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Define cohesion.
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Literally means water molecules sticking together, and when applied to plants is the fact that they can defy gravity moving upward when one evaporates it pulls another one up to replace what was lost.
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Define adhesion.
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Literally meaning water molecules sticking to something else, when applied to plants is the fact that they stick to the xylem this helps the water not fall back down the plant.
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Explain the movement of water from root to air through a plant.
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Water moves from the soil into the root because it is an area of low concentration compared to the soil. The water moves up the plant through the xylem into the leaves. As the water evaporates out the stomata into a far lesser concentration of water more water is pulled from the ground make up for this loss
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Be able to label a root for root cap, zone of cell division, xylem, phloem, endodermis, and root hairs.
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use real notecard for this
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What is the root cap?
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protective layer of cells protecting the meristematic tissue as the root moves through the soil.
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What is the zone of cell division?
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the area of root where cells are actively dividing.
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What is the xylem of a plant?
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carries water and mineral through the root to the plant
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What is the phloem?
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carries organic material such as carbs throughout the plant
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What is the endodermis?
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tissue inside the cortex which help push the water into the xylem. they must travel through the casparian strip to move through in a certian way
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What are root hairs?
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They aid in absorption and collection of minerals and water from the ground. They wide the surface area of the root systems making it easier for plants to take in water
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Where are the palisade mesophyll and the spongy mesophyll located relative to the rest of the leaf components?
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P. Mesophyll is located near the upper epidermis and the S. mesophyll is located near the lower epidermis, sometimes a leaf vein separates the two.
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How are minerals such as potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen transported throughout the plant?
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They use active transport which in turns uses some of the plants ATP energy. This in turn creates a concertration gradient that negatively charged ions like Nitrate and Cholride can use to move through the cells.
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