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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Generation questions from |
Observations |
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Propose tentative explanations |
Hypothesis |
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First law of thermodynamics |
Energy cannot be created or destroyed |
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Second law of thermodynamics |
The degree of disorder in the universe tends to increase |
Entropy |
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Central dogma |
DNA -->Transcription --> RNA --> Translation -->proteins |
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What is evolution? |
Change over time |
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3 different domains of life |
Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes |
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Isotopes |
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
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What is the top two elements of humans? |
Carbon 47% , oxygen 30% |
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Covalent bond |
Formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons in a molecular orbital |
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Polar covalent bonds |
The bonds that link with a partial positive charge near the outer molecules and negative near the inner molecules |
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Non-Polar Covalent bonds |
Between atoms with the same electronegativity |
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Ionic bonds |
Between two ions that are attracted to each other |
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Hydrophilic |
Love water |
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Hydrophobic |
Hates water |
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Low pH |
High concentration of protons |
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High pH |
Low concentration of protons |
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Hydrogen bonds |
Forms between two water molecules when partial + is attracted to partial - |
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Deoxyribose sugar |
Only one OH |
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Ribose sugars |
Two OH |
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Pyrimidine based |
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
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Purine Bases |
Guanine, Adenine |
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Cytosine |
A pyrimidine base with 3 hydrogen bonds |
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Thymine |
A pyrimidine base with 2 hydrogen bonds |
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Uracil |
A pyrimidine base for RNA with 2 hydrogen bonds |
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Guanine |
A purine base with 3 hydrogen bonds |
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Adenine |
A purine base with 2 hydrogen bonds |
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Phosphodiester bonds |
Join adjacent pairs of nucleotides |
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Adenine interacts with |
Thymine (DNA) or uracil ( RNA) |
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Adenine interacts with |
Thymine (DNA) or uracil ( RNA) |
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Guanine interacts wkth |
Cytosine |
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Peptide bonds |
Join adjacent amino acids |
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Griffiths experiment |
Pneumonia mice |
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Avery, Macleod, & mcCartys experiment |
Virulent bacteria |
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What is replication? |
Mutations, variations, evolution |
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DNA replication |
Two-stranded structure allows the copying (replication) of information & separation into progeny cells |
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Nuceloside |
No phosphate group |
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One phosphate group |
Nucleoside monophosphate |
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Nucleotide nomenclature |
1. Sugar 2. Base 3. Count phosphates |
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Nucleus acids are read from |
5'-3' where 5' is phosphate group, 3' is hydroxyl group |
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5'-ATGGAGCTCGTATCA-3' |
5'-TGATACGAGCTCTAC-3' |
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DNA is mostly (blank) charged |
Negatively |
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Why do cells now use DNA? |
RNA has an extra hydroxyl group & degrades fairly quickly |
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Why do cells now use DNA? |
RNA has an extra hydroxyl group & degrades fairly quickly |
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Template strand |
The 3'- 5' strand |
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Why do cells now use DNA? |
RNA has an extra hydroxyl group & degrades fairly quickly |
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Template strand |
The 3'- 5' strand |
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The non template strand |
The coding strand |
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Promoter sequence of initiation |
TATA box |
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Initiation of transcription is synthesized in |
The 5'-3' direction by RNA polymerase |
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How transcription is regulation #1 |
General transcription features bind to the promoter & transcriptional activator proteins bond to enhancers |
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Regulation of transcription #2 |
DNA loops, everything is brought nice and close allowing for transcription to proceed |
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Bacterial promoter region is promoted by |
Sigma factors |
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Primary transcript |
The RNA transcript that comes of the DNA template strand |
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Eukaryotic primary transcript for RNA processing required |
5' Cap, splicing (introns removed, exons joined), polyadenation |
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Exons |
Regions of protein-coding sequences |
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Inteons |
Non coding regions |
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Primary structure of proteins |
Sequence of amino acids (alpha helix) |
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Secondary structure of proteins |
Results from interactions of nearby amino acids (beta sheet) |
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Tertiary structure of proteins |
3-D shape of a polypeptide |
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Quaternary structure of proteins |
Results from interactions of polypeptide subunits |
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Hydrophobic amino avids |
Inside folded proteins, go AWAY from water |
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Hydrophilic amino acids |
Outside of folded proteins, interact with eachother |
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Ribosomes |
Have a large subunit and small subunit (hamburger buns) contain exit, peptidyl, and arrival site |
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Codon |
Each group of 3 adjacent nucleotides coding for a single amino acid |
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Reading frame |
Where the ribosome begins reading |
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First base of the codon (5' end) |
Pairs with the last base (3'end) of the anticodon |
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Translation initiation |
Initiator AUG codon recognized, MET is the first amino acid in new polypeptide chain |
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Translation elongation |
Successive amino acids are added to the growing chain |
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Translation termination |
The addition of amino acids stop& the polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome |
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