Biology Midterm 1

Front 1

Pyruvate hydrogenase

Back 1

Enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Front 2

Cycle of Gas exchange

Back 2

O2 is the input for Cellular respiration CO2 is the output. CO2 is the input for photosynthesis and O2 is the output.

Front 3

Where does photosynthesis occur

Back 3

In the chloroplasts of plant cells

Front 4

Chlorophyll

Back 4

Pigment molecule that absorbs specific wavelengths of light energy (kinetic)

Front 5

Function of chloroplasts

Back 5

light energy bumps chlorophyll molecule to a higher, excited energy level

Front 6

Photosynthesis equation

Back 6

Carbon Dioxide+Water ---> Sugar + Oxygen

Front 7

Photosynthesis equation (formulas)

Back 7

6CO2 + 6H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Front 8

Energy conversion in photosynthesis

Back 8

Light (kinetic) energy to Chemical energy

Front 9

"Follow the Electrons"

Back 9

Systems 1&2

Front 10

"Synthesis of Glucose"

Back 10

Front 11

The mass of a plant comes from

Back 11

CO2 in the air

Front 12

Processes of Photoysynthesis

Back 12

Systems 1&2 -----> Calvin Cycle

Front 13

Two primary processes of life

Back 13

Metabolism and Reproduction

Front 14

Types of metabolism

Back 14

Respiration, photosynthesis

Front 15

Types of reproduction

Back 15

Mitosis, Meosis

Front 16

Haploid

Back 16

One copy of a chromosome

Front 17

Diploid

Back 17

Two copies of a chromosome (Maternal and Paternal)

Front 18

Homologues

Back 18

Contain genes at the same locus

Front 19

Sister Chromatides

Back 19

Identical replicated homologues. (pair)

Front 20

Human Genome

Back 20

23 Pairs of Homologous chromosomes

Front 21

Stages of nuclear division

Back 21

PMAT, Cytokenesis

Front 22

Apoptosis

Back 22

Cell death

Front 23

Weismann's Hypothesis

Back 23

Sex increases genetic variation

Front 24

Gametes

Back 24

Sex cells

Front 25

Meiosis cells and genome size

Back 25

Meiosis only passes on half of the chromosomes (23). Maintains stable genome size

Front 26

crossing over

Back 26

In meiosis when homologous chromosomes creates combinations of genetic material in "recombinant chromosomes"

Front 27

Basic science

Back 27

pursuit of science for knowledge's sake

Front 28

applied research

Back 28

Pursuit of science to fix a problem

Front 29

Hypothesis

Back 29

Tentative statement that could lead to a conclusion

Front 30

Null

Back 30

when a hypothesis is not true

Front 31

Prediction

Back 31

If, then statement based on a hypothesis

Front 32

Hypothesis vs theory

Back 32

One statement, verses a broad statement with many hypotheses under it. Theories usually accepted to be true

Front 33

Stages of scientific method

Back 33

1. Observation

2. Question

3. Hypothesis

4. Prediction

5. Experiment

6. analyze/conclude

Front 34

Cell theory

Back 34

1. All living things consist of one or more cells

2. Cell is the basic unit of life

3. all cells emerge from preexisting cells

Front 35

Valence shells

Back 35

Nucleus->2-8-8-2

Front 36

Isotopes

Back 36

Same protons and electrons, different neutrons

Front 37

What distinguishes elements

Back 37

# Protons, atomic number

Front 38

#Electrons=

Back 38

#Protons

Front 39

Ionic Bond

Back 39

Electron is taken or gained. Ion or charged atom results

Front 40

Covalent Bond

Back 40

Electrons shared between interacting atoms

Front 41

Hydrogen bonds

Back 41

Between molecules not atoms. Polar molecules attract.

Front 42

Atomic mass

Back 42

Mass of the protons and neutrons in the atom

Front 43

Atomic number

Back 43

number of protons in the molecule

Front 44

Carbohydrates

Back 44

Main energy source. Connected sugars. Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Front 45

Carbohydrate energy reserves

Back 45

Starch in plants, glycogen in animals

Front 46

Lipids

Back 46

Fats, sterols, phospholipids

Front 47

Unsaturated fat

Back 47

Double bond, kinked

Front 48

Saturated Fat

Back 48

all single bonds, straight

Front 49

Transfat

Back 49

Hydrogen gas bubbled through. Crates another hydrogen bond. Has properties of sat fat but is unsaturated

Front 50

Sterols

Back 50

Regulate growth and development

Front 51

Phospholipids

Back 51

Used in cell structures. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Front 52

Proteins

Back 52

Growth, development, structure, regulatory

Front 53

Structure of proteins

Back 53

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds form proteins

Front 54

Eukaryotes

Back 54

DNA in nucleus, membrane bound organelles

Front 55

Prokaryotes

Back 55

No nucleus. DNA in cytoplasm

Front 56

Endosymbiosis

Back 56

Cells engulf others and less complex cells evolve into organelles

Front 57

Plasma membrane

Back 57

Phospholipid bilayer allows small molecules in. Large molecules can only pass through with the transport proteins

Front 58

Passive transport

Back 58

Diffusion, osmosis

Front 59

active transport

Back 59

Energy used to pass through cell

Front 60

Catabolic

Back 60

Large molecules broken down, energy released

Front 61

Metabolic pathway

Back 61

Enzymes modify substrate shapes in a chain to change the shape to an en product

Front 62

Cellular Respiration processes

Back 62

Front 63

Gene

Back 63

Smallest unit of heredity. A certain combination of base pairs that code for a trait