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183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Anterior 2. Posterior 3. Parabronchi 4. First inhalation 5. Second exhalation |
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1. Food
2. Oxygen 3. CO2 4. Nitrogen wastes |
All animal cells requires a constant supply of __1__, __2__ and a means of disposing __3__ and __4__. In multicellular organisms, cells are cut off from the environment and must have a way to move materials to accomplish this. |
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- Transport finished products
- Transport molecular signals |
2 Main functions of the Circulatory System (Transporting these 2 things) |
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1. Closed
2. 4-chambered 3. Hemoglobin |
Mammals have a __1. (open/closed)__ circulatory system, a __2. (2-chambered/4-chambered) heart, and the oxygen carrying pigment is __3__, which is contained in anucleate red blood cells.
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Pericardial Sac |
- Membranous sac that encloses the heart |
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- Semilunar - Atrioventricular |
The valves located between the ventricles and the arteries are called? The valves located between the atrium and ventricles? |
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Celiac Artery |
- Artery that supplies the stomach and liver |
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Mesenteric Artery |
- Artery that supplies the intestines |
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Umbilical Arteries |
- Additional arteries we can see in a fetal pig in the same location as the iliac arteries branching off from the aorta |
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Bladder |
- The organ that the umbilical arteries attach from to the umbilical cord |
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Brachiocephalic Artery - Right subclavian - Right common carotid - Left common carotid |
- First branch of the aortic arch? - This first branch branches into 3 other arteries, what are they? |
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Left subclavian |
- Second branch of the aortic arch? |
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Subclavian Arteries |
- Arteries that supply the forelimbs |
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Ductus Arteriosus |
- Connection between the pulmonary trunk coming from the right ventricle and the aorta coming from the left ventricle - Allows the blood to bypass lungs since they are not functional until birth when it closes |
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Hepatic Veins |
- Collects blood from the liver |
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Jugular Veins |
- Collects blood from the head |
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1. Artery 2. Vein |
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- Mouth - Nasal cavity - Trachea - Esophagus |
4 Structures of the Respiratory and Digestive system which connect to the Pharynx |
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- Vena Cava
- Pulmonary Veins - Pulmonary Trunk (Arteries) - Aorta |
- What major blood vessel(s) supplies the right atrium? - The left atrium? - What major blood vessel(s) collects blood from the right ventricle? - The left ventricle? |
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- Tricuspid Valve - Bicuspid Valve |
- Atrioventricular valve that connects the right atrium and right ventricle - Atrioventricular valve the connects the left atrium and the left ventricle |
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- Right atrium - Right ventricle - Pulmonary Artery - Lungs - Pulmonary Veins - Left Atrium - Left Ventricle - Aorta - Iliac Artery - Left foot |
Describe pathway of blood starting in right atrium and ending in left foot |
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- Have air sacs on either side of lungs that act as bellows - Instead of alveoli, have tiny channels called parabronchi - Requires two cycles of inhalation and exhalation to pass air through the entire system |
3 Characteristics of Bird Lungs |
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Diaphragm Rib Cage |
2 Structures that expands the thoracic cavity during inhalation. |
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Contracts |
Diaphragm _(relaxes/contracts) to expand the thoracic cavity during inhalation.
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Anterior |
From the ventral side of the fetal pig, the lungs are _(position) to the diaphragm. |
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b) Diaphragm contracts and pulls air into the lungs |
In negative pressure breathing: a) Air is pushed into the lungs as the diaphragm contracts b) Diaphragm contracts and pulls air into the lungs c) When the diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity expands and air is pulled into the lungs d) Air is pulled out of the lungs by pressure differences |
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Larynx |
What is the "voice box"? |
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- Pass air over the gas exchange surface in only one direction - Incoming fresh air does not mix with air that has already carried out gas exchange |
2 Advantageous Features of Ventilation in Birds |
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a) First Inhalation |
Bird Ventilation: Air fills the posterior air sacs in the a) First Inhalation b) First Exhalation c) Second Inhalation d) Second Exhalation |
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b) First Exhalation |
Bird Ventilation: Posterior air sacs contract, pushing air into lungs in the: a) First Inhalation b) First Exhalation c) Second Inhalation d) Second Exhalation |
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c) Second Inhalation |
Bird Ventilation:
Air passes through lungs and fills anterior air sacs in the: a) First Inhalation b) First Exhalation c) Second Inhalation d) Second Exhalation |
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d) Second Exhalation |
Bird Ventilation: |
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a) pulling |
Negative pressure breathing consists of
a) pulling b) pushing air into lungs by lowering air pressure in their lungs by muscle contraction. |
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Breathings |
- Moving fresh air in and out of alveoli, this movement is called? |
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Nasal Septum |
- Ridge that separates right and left nasal cavities |
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Nasal Cavities |
- Curved bone protruding into space to create air currents - These swirl the air to warm and moisten it as well as bring it into contact with the sensory cells for olfaction |
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Palate |
- Separates the nasal cavity and mouth at its anterior end |
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Pharynx |
- Joins the nasal cavity and mouth |
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Glottis |
- Passageway from pharynx into larynx |
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- Thyroid Gland
- Thymus gland |
- Endocrine gland located surrounding the larynx, darker and firmer oval - Endocrine gland located surrounding the inferior trachea region, larger mass which aids in immune cell production |
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Dorsal |
Esophagus is located __(Dorsal/Ventral)__ to the trachea. |
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- Nasal Cavity - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Alveoli |
Trace pathway of a breath of air in through the nose to the lungs |
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Green Glands |
- Osmoregulatory/Excretory Systems in Aquatic Crustaceans (Arthropods) |
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- Malpighian Tubules |
- Osmoregulatory/Excretory Systems in Insects (Arthropods) |
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- Metanephridia |
- Osmoregulatory/Excretory Systems in Annelids such as Earthworms |
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- Protonephridia |
- Osmoregulatory/Excretory Systems in Platyhelminthes such as Flatworms |
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- Wash waste out of the body - Adjust water/ion balance |
2 Jobs of Vertebrate Urinary System |
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Peritoneum |
- Serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs |
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Kidneys |
- Organs that are not covered by the peritoneum that function in the urinary system |
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Ureters |
- Ducts that are located between the umbilical arteries in the fetal pig (From kidneys) |
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Urethra |
- Ducts that carries urine from bladder to extreior |
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Scrotum |
- Located ventral to the anus in male fetal pig |
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Testis - Epididymus - Vas Deferens - Urethra |
4 Step Passage of Sperm to Outside |
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Inguinal Canal |
- Opening of the abdominal floor that allows the vas deferens to penentrate to go behind the bladder |
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Prostate |
- Enlargement along the urethra inferior to the bladder in males |
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Vagina |
Leading from the bifurcated uterus, passes posteriorly dorsal to urethra. |
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Urogenital Sinus |
- Formed by the urethra and vagina, connects to outside by the opening |
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Sexual |
Animal Reproduction is primarily (sexual/asexual). |
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a) True |
Fertilization of animals can be external and internal a) True b) False |
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Gametes |
- Reproductive systems of animals must create, store and release ________. |
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Amniotic egg |
- In many female animals, the reproductive system also produces the __________ egg. - In mammals, this allows for internal development of offspring. |
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1. Oviduct 2. Ovaries 3. Uterus 4. Bladder 5. Pubic Bone 6. Urethra 7. Cervix 8. Endometrium |
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1. Seminal Vesicle 2. Urinary Bladder 3. Urethra 4. Prostate Gland 5. Bulbourethral Gland 6. Vas Deferens 7. Epididymus 8. Testis 9. Pubic Bone 10. Ejaculatory Duct |
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Green Glands |
In crustaceans (arthropods), located beneath the brain, behind the eyes in the head. |
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Malpighian Tubules |
- In insects (arthropods), located in the intestinal and stomach area to carry salt, water and nitrogenous wastes to the intestine. |
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Metanephridia |
- In earthworms (annelids), located on either side of the intestines, function in osmoregulatory and waste excretion |
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2 Kidneys 1 Bladder 2 Ureters 1 Urethra 2 Renal Arteries 2 Renal Veins |
List the number of each found in the human: kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra, renal artery, renal vein. |
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Testis |
Organ in which sperm are produced |
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Ovaries |
Organ in which eggs are produced |
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Fallopian Tubules/Oviducts |
Where does fertilization take place in the human? |
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2 Ovaries 2 Oviducts 1 Uterus 3 Posterior Openings (Anus, Reproductive, Urinary) |
For each of the following, list numbers of each found in the human female. Ovary, oviduct, uterus, external posterior openings |
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2 Testis 2 Vas Deferens 1 Prostate 2 External Posterior Openings |
For each of the following, list numbers of each found in the human male. Testis, vas deferens, prostate, external posterior openings |
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- Brain
- Spinal Cord |
Central Nervous System is composed of these two things in vertebrates |
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- Nerves - Ganglia |
Peripheral Nervous System is composed of these two things in vertebrates |
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Spinal Cord |
- Conveys information from the brain to the peripheral nervous system
- Produces reflexes independently of the brain |
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Reflex |
- Body's automatic response to a stimulus
- Ex: Doctor uses a mallet to trigger a knee-jerk reflex |
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1. Dorsal Root Ganglion (Sensory) 2. Sensory Neuron Cell Body 3. Gray Matter 4. White Matter 5. Ventral Root (Motor) 6. Sensory Afferent 7. Motor Efferent |
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- Forebrain - Midbrain - Hindbrain |
All vertebrate brains develop from three embryonic regions. By the fifth week of human embryonic development, five brain regions have formed from the three embryonic regions. |
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1. Cerebrum 2. Thalamus 3. Hypothalamus 4. Pituitary Gland 5. Pons 6. Medulla Oblongata 7. Cerebellum 8. Spinal Cord 9. Cerebral Cortex |
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1. Cerebrum 2. Thalamus 3. Hypothalamus 4. Pons 5. Medulla Oblongata 6. Cerebellum |
3 Parts of The Forebrain Midbrain stays the Midbrain 3 Parts of the Hindbrain |
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1. Corpus Callosum 2. Basal Nuclei |
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1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla Oblongata |
3 Parts of the Brainstem |
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Midbrain |
- Contains centers for receipt and integration of sensory information
- Largely made of fibers connecting various areas of the brain |
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Pons |
- Regulates breathing centers, breathing reflex in the medulla |
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Medulla oblongata |
- Contains centers that control several functions including breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, cardiovascular activity, swallowing, vomiting and digestion
- Connects brain to spinal cord |
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Cerebellum |
- Important for muscular coordination, balance and error checking during motor, perceptual and cognitive functions - Also involved in learning and remembering motor skills |
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c) dorsal to the stomach and intestines |
Mammalian kidneys are located: a) back wall of the thoracic cavity b) anterior to the diaphragm and liver c) dorsal to the stomach and intestines d) next to the urinary bladder |
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c) bladder connects to the urethra |
In female pigs, the: a) vagina connects directly to the ovaries b) urethra connects to the uterus c) bladder connects to the urethra d) urethra connects directly to the kidneys |
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d) urethra |
In male mammals, each vas deferens joins the a) renal veins b) ureters c) bladder d) urethra |
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Thalamus |
- Main input center for sensory information to the cerebrum
- Main output center for motor information leaving the cerebrum |
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Hypothalamus |
- Regulate homeostasis and basic survival behaviors such as feeding, fighting, fleeing and reproducing |
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- Frontal - Temporal - Occipital - Parietal |
4 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex |
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Cerebral Cortex |
- Controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions - Contains four lobes that contain primary sensory areas and association areas where information is integrated |
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1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Temporal 4. Occipital |
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Frontal Lobe |
- Lobe associated with the motor cortex and speech |
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Parietal Lobe |
- Lobe associated with the somatosensory cortex, speech, taste, reading |
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Occipital Lobe |
- Visual association area lobe |
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Temporal lobe |
- Lobe associated with hearing, smell, auditory association
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1. Stimulus
2. Signals 3. Central |
Sensory receptors transduce __1__ energy and transmit __2__ to the __3__ nervous system. All __1__ represents forms of energy.
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Sensation |
- Involves converting energy into a change in the membrane potential of sensory receptors |
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1. Processed
2. Motor 3. Reflex |
When a stimulus's input to the nervous system is __1__, a __2__ response may be generated. This may involve a simple __3__ or more elaborate __1__. |
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1. Direction 2. Light 3. Images 4. Photoreceptors |
Light detectors in the animal kingdom range from simple clusters of cells that detect __1__ and intensity of __2__ to complex organs that form __3__. Light detectors all contain __4__, cells that contain light-absorbing pigment molecules. |
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Photoreceptors |
cells that contain light-absorbing pigment molecules |
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1. color 2. light 3. image |
In vertebrates the eye detects __1__ and __2__, bu the brain assembles the information and perceives the __3__. |
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Sclera |
- White outer layer of vertebrate eye that is continuous with the cornea |
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Cornea |
- Clear, transparent layer that is continuous with the sclera |
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Anterior Chamber |
- Filled with water fluid known as aqueous humor, dorsal to cornea
- Separated by ciliary body and lens |
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Choroid |
- Pigmented vascular layer of the eyeball between the retina and the sclera |
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Iris |
- Regulates the size of the pupil and thus the amount of light entering the eye - Part that shows eye color |
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Retina |
Inner layer of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light called photoreceptors
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Lens |
- Focuses light on the retina by bending light rays |
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Optic Disk |
- Raised blind spot in the retina where the optic nerve attaches to the eye, lacks visual receptors/photoreceptors |
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Posterior Chamber |
- Filled with vitreous humor, jelly like fluid - Separated from other chamber by ciliary body and lens |
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Ciliary Body |
- Produces the aqueous humor |
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1. Sclera 2. Suspensory Ligaments 3. Cornea 4. Iris 5. Pupil 6. Aqueous Humor 7. Lens 8. Vitreous Humor 9. Optic Disk 10. Choroid 11. Retina 12. Fovea 13. Optic Nerve 14. Neurons 15. Photoreceptors 16. Rods 17. Cones 18. Optic Nerve Fibers 19. Ganglion Cells 20. Bipolar Cells 21. Pigmented Epithelium |
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Fovea |
- Small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest
- Retinal cones are particularly concentrated |
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b) cerebrum |
Largest part of the mammalian brain is the a) cerebellum b) cerebrum c) hypothalamus d) brain stem |
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a) cerebellum
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Which part of the brain is involved with muscular coordination and balance? a) cerebellum b) cerebrum c) brain stem d) thalamus |
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c) cornea |
Very front surface of the eye is the a) retina b) lens c) cornea d) pupil |
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a) iris
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Colored part of the eyes that regulate the amount of light entering the eye is the a) iris b) lens c) retina d) cornea |
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c) hypothalamus
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Pituitary gland is under the control of the a) brain stem b) cerebellum c) hypothalamus d) thalamus |
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d) brain stem |
Which part of the brain contains centers involved in regulating breathing, cardiovascular activities, and other vital body functions? a) cerebellum b) hypothalamus c) thalamus d) brain stem |
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b) parietal |
Which lobe of the cerebrum contains the somatosensory association area? a) frontal b) parietal c) temporal d) occipital |
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d) retina |
The photoreceptors of the eye are found in the a) cornea b) lens c) iris d) retina |
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c) blind spot |
Optic nerve leaves the back of the eye producing what is known as the a) fovea b) choroid layer c) blind spot d) ciliary body |
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Cataracts |
- Medical condition in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively opaque, resulting in blurred vision |
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Glaucoma |
- Medical condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, damaging eye's optic nerve, causing gradual loss of sight - Usually happens when aqueous humor builds up in front part of the eye |
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1. Olfactory Bulb 2. Olfactory Tract 3. Optic Nerve 4. Optic Chiasm 5. Optic Tract |
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Retinal Detachment |
- Layer of tissue at the back of your eye that processes light pulls away from the tissue around it |
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- Cerebrum - Cerebellum - Brain stem |
3 Main parts of the Mature Human Brain |
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Cerebrum |
- Area which processes conscious thoughts, interprets sensations and initiated voluntary movements - Activities all take place in the folded outer few millimeters of surface called cortex - Deeper parts are involved in memory, survival instincts and emotions |
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Thalamus and Hypothalamus |
2 Parts of the Forebrain that deal with emotions, survival instincts and connects cerebrum with rest of the body |
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Spinal Cord |
- Cable of nerve fibers connecting the brain to the lower body
- Function of processing local sensory information and cause cause a response without the need for the brain |
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Sense Organ |
- Structures which response to changes in the environment by sending signal to the processing centers of the nervous system |
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Eye |
- Focuses light rays on cells which response to photons of light by generating a nerve impulse which is directed to the cerebrum of the brain for interpretation
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Corpus Callosum |
- Composed of myelinated axons - White - Carries messages between the brain hemispheres |
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- White matter - Gray Matter |
- Part of the spinal cord that consists of myelinated axons, in tracts that carry messages up and down the cords
- Part of the spinal cord where nerve cell bodies are found and where reflex actions can be processed |
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Dorsal Root Ganglion |
Cluster of cell bodies connect to spinal cord . Are they sensory or motor?
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Cleavage |
- Partitions the egg cytoplasm without additional cell growth
- End result is a blastula |
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Gastrulation |
- Extensive, organized cell movements rearrange the embryonic cells into a structure called........
- Gives rise to the embryonic tissue layers "germ layers" |
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Organogenesis |
- Process of tissue and organ formation that begins once gastrulation is complete - Cells proliferate and become differentiated |
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1. Acrosome 2. Jelly Coat 3. Acrosomal Processes 4. Vitelline Layer 5. Plasma Membrane of Egg 6. Cortical Granules 7. Perivitelline Space 8. Fertilization envelope |
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1. Zygote 2. Blastula 3. Gastrula 4. Prism 5. Pluteus 6. Cleavage |
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1. Notochord forms from mesoderm cells 2. Neural tube forms 3. Somites (tissue blocks) form |
3 Key Steps in Organogenesis |
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1. Neural Tube 2. Notochord 3. Somites |
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- Birds
- Reptiles - Mammals |
3 Examples of Amniotes, those animals that develop within a fluid filled sac that is contained in shell or uterus |
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- Amnion
- Chorion - Yolk Sac - Allantois |
Three germ layers give rise to not only embryonic tissue but also the four extra-embryonic membranes. What are they? |
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1. Neural groove 2. Somites 3. Primitive Streak |
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1. Spinal Cord 2. Optic Cup 3. Allantois 4. Leg Bud 5. Wing Bud 6. Amnion |
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1. Notochord 2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord 3. Pharyngeal Slits 4. Post-anal Talk |
4 Characteristics of Chordates |
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Deuterostome - Chordate - Amniote |
- Amniote - Deuterostome - Chordate List from most broad to least broad |
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- Echinoderms - Chordates |
2 Groups within Deuterostomes |
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Deuterostome
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- 8-cell stage is radial and indeterminate |
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Protostome |
8-cell stage is spiral and determinate |
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Archenteron |
- Folds of this cavity form coelom in deuterostome - This cavity forms the digestive tracts - "Enterocoelus mesodermal formation" |
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Deuterostome |
- Anus develops from blastopore |
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- Cephalochordata (Lancelet=Amphioxus) - Urochordata (Tunicate) - Vertebrates |
3 Subphyla of Phylum Chordata and Examples |
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- Amphibia - Amniotes |
2 Groups of Tetrapods |
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- Reptiles - Mammals |
2 Groups of Amniotes |
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- Induce shedding of gametes - Peristomial membrane |
Why is KCl injected into sea urchins (1-2mL)? Where should it be injected? |
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Aboral/Dorsal Surface |
- Side of gamete production |
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Sperm Eggs |
- Sea urchin ____ look like a white milky fluid, while sea urchin ____ are translucent to yellowish. |
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Remove coelomic fluid, broken spines, body surface debris - Coelomic fluid inhibits fertilization |
What is the purpose of washing sea urchin eggs? |
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20 |
Sperm have a ___ minute life span for sea urchins |
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b) gastrulation |
Extensive, organized cell movements first occur during a) cleavage b) gastrulation c) organogenesis d) germ layer formation |
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c) are deuterostomes |
Sea urchins are good models to study development because they _______ like us. a) produce amniotic eggs b) use internal fertilization c) are deuterostomes d) are chordates |
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d) tube body plan, true coelom, deuterostomes |
Which of the following are correct characteristics of sea urchins? a) sac body plan, coelom, radial symmetry as adults b) tube body plan, deuterostomes, produce amniotic eggs c) deuterostomes with true coelom and are hermaphrodites d) tube body plan, true coelom, deuterostomes |
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b) are deuterostomes |
All chordates a) are vertebrates b) are deuterostomes c) produce amniotic eggs d) use internal fertilization |
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a) show all the chordate characteristics and are amniotes |
Pig and chick embryos are similar in that they: a) show all the chordate characteristics and are amniotes |
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c) sea urchin |
Which of the following is a deuterostome but not a chordate? a) earthworm b) goldfish c) sea urchin d) pig |
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c) cleavage |
You observe a fertilized sea urchin egg that has divided into 4 cells. Based on this, which developmental stage is it in? a) blastula b) gastrula c) cleavage d) zygote |
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Brown-headed Nuthatches can only be found in Southeastern pine forests. Eastern Bluebirds can be found in all the Eastern USA, dependent on seasons. They prefer open country around trees with little understory and sparse ground cover. Both need cavities to nest and breed in. However, Eastern Bluebirds cannot excavate their own cavity. |
Brown-headed Nuthatches and Eastern Bluebirds: What habitat do they prefer? What type of breeding habitat do they need? |
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Brown-headed Nuthatches - The entrance to the cavity is about 1-1.5 inches in diameter and about 5-10 inches deep. They can be as high as 88 feet above the ground. Eastern Bluebirds - They can be up to 50 feet above the ground. The cavity entrance is about 1.4 to 1.75 inches in diameter and about 4-6 inches square on the bottom of the cavity. |
Brown-headed Nuthatches and Eastern Bluebirds:Where do they nest? |
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Brown-headed Nuthatches use existing holes or excavate their own nesting hole in dead and decaying trees. Eastern Bluebirds put their nests in natural cavities or in next boxes. |
Brown-headed Nuthatches and Eastern Bluebirds: What type of nest do they make? |
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Brown-headed Nuthatches lay about 3-7 eggs and have 1 brood. Eastern Bluebirds lay about 2-7 eggs and can have 1-3 broods a year. |
Brown-headed Nuthatches and Eastern Bluebirds: How many eggs do they lay? How many broods do they have? |
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Brown-headed Nuthatches both excavate the next cavity in a tree. Males bring food to female during incubation, and roosts together at night. Both parents feed young. Eastern Bluebird females do all the nest building, but both parents bring food to the nestlings. |
Brown-headed Nuthatches and Eastern Bluebirds: What are the roles of the male and the female in nesting and caring for the young? |
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Brown-headed Nuthatches primarily eat spiders and insects found in tree trunks, branches, twigs and pine needle clusters. In colder months they eat mostly pine seeds. Eastern Bluebirds catch insets from the ground such as caterpillars, beetles, crickets, grasshoppers and spiders including fruit during the winter. |
Brown-headed Nuthatches and Eastern Bluebirds:What do they eat? What are their food sources? |
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Brown-headed Nuthatches are somewhat suspicious and reluctant to visit feeders, birdhouses or people. Eastern Bluebirds seem relatively more friendly, possible because of a greater need for habitats and resources. They can be lured into nesting in birdhouses and using birdfeeders with the proper location and food. |
Brown-headed Nuthatches and Eastern Bluebirds:Do they like to come close to people? Do they use bird feeders? Birdhouses? |
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Brown-headed Nuthatches sometimes use a piece of bark as a lever to pry up other bark to search for goodies. It may even keep the bark tool consistently as that and even to cover up its stash of seeds. They sometimes have helpers when caring for their young. Eastern Bluebirds have more than one successful brood per year. They also have been observed capturing and eating larger prey such as shrews, salamanders, snakes, lizards and tree frogs. |
Brown-headed Nuthatches and Eastern Bluebirds:Do they have any unusual or unique behaviors? |
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Long-leaf pine forests are a fire-climax community; species are not only resistant to fire but also dependent on it. They may well be the most diverse North American ecosystem north of the tropics, containing exclusive rare plants and animals. It is a natural system of Holocene origin, meaning it has most likely never exists absent a human presence, making it no more than 5,000 years old. |
Describe three characteristics of long-leaf pine forests. |
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Logging practices or fire suppression can reduce the number of standing dead trees that Brown-headed Nuthatches need for nesting. Eastern Bluebirds showed a decline when aggressive introduced species made available nest holes increasingly difficult for bluebirds to hold on to. |
Why have the nuthatches and bluebirds shown declines in their numbers? |
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Brown-headed Nuthatch |
Indicator species for the health of southeastern pine forests (Found no where else! Endemic!) |
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95% |
Analysis of climate change indicated that the Brown-headed Nuthatch will lose ___% of its summer habitat if warming trends continue. |
