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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Autotrophs
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an organism that is able to make its own food, solar powered / photosynthesis. SELF FEED
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Heterotrophs
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an organism that must feed on others. Can include eating plants, animals or absorbing chemical energy.
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Producers
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Another name for autotrophs.
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Consumers
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This group eats autotrophs/producers. Primary is a Cow. A person is a secondary.
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Aerobic
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Respiration that needs Oxygen. Glycolysis that then goes under the citric acid cycle, then electron transport.
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Anaerobic
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Respiration that occurs when there is no oxygen. Just glycolysis.
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mitochondria
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Organelle where cellular respiration occurs. Its main job is conversion of energy.
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Redox reactions
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Short for oxidation-reduction reaction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another (reduction). Oxidation and reduction always occur together.
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Electron transport
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Electrons being moved from one molecule to another. Produces lots of ATP, every time the electrons are passed down.
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ATP
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A molecule composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups; the main energy source for cells. When energy is released the phosphate comes off and it becomes ADP +phosphate.
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ADP
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Second stage of energy. A molecule composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups. The molecule ATP is made by combining a molecule of ADP with a third phosphate in an energy-consuming reaction. When energy is released the phosphate comes off and it becomes AMP +energy.
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Glycolysis
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Anaerobic respiration, fermentation. The multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid. It produces some ATP but not as much as aerobic respiration.
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Citric Acid Cycle
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The metabolic cycle that is fueled by acetyl CoA formed after glycolysis in cellular respiration. Chemical reactions in the cycle complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide. The cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chains. Also referred to as the Krebs cycle.
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Pyruvic acid
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a yellowish organic acid that occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, esp. glycolysis. Waste product of glycolysis. Ferments to lactic when O2 is lacking.
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Ethanol
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In yeast, waste product of glycolysis.
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Lactic acid
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Waste product of glycolysis. aka Fermented Pyruvic acid.
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Equation for cellular respiration
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Chloroplasts
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An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists. Enclosed by two concentric membranes, a chloroplast absorbs sunlight and uses it to power the synthesis of organic food molecules (sugars).
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Chlorophyll
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A light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy.
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Caroteniods
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Yellow orange pigments, photosynthesis
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Equation for photosynthesis
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Light reactions
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The first of two stages in photosynthesis, the steps in which solar energy is absorbed and converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The light reactions power the sugar-producing Calvin cycle but produce no sugar themselves.
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Calvin cycle
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The second of two stages of photosynthesis; a cyclic series of chemical reactions that occur in the stroma of a chloroplast, using the carbon in CO2 and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions to make the energy-rich sugar molecule G3P, which is later used to produce glucose.
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Wavelength
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The distance between crests of adjacent waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Electromagnetic spectrum
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The full range of radiation, from the very short wavelengths of gamma rays to the very long wavelengths of radio signals.
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Photon
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A fixed quantity of light energy.
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CAM
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A plant that uses the following adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions: Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic compounds, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.
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Cyanobacteria
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a division of microorganisms that are related to the bacteria but are capable of photosynthesis. They are prokaryotic and represent the earliest known form of life on the earth. AKA Blue-Green Algae.
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Mitosis
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The division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle.
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Meiosis
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In a sexually reproducing organism, the division of a single diploid cell into four haploid daughter cells. Meiosis and cytokinesis produce haploid gametes from diploid cells in the reproductive organs of the parents.
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Haploid
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Containing a single set of chromosomes; referring to an n cell. Sex cells i.e. eggs and sperm.
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Diploid
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Containing two sets of chromosomes (homologous pairs) in each cell, one set inherited from each parent; referring to a 2n cell. Body Cells.
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Asexual reproduction
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The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of gametes (sperm and egg).
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Sexual reproduction
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The creation of genetically distinct offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (gametes: sperm and egg), forming a diploid zygote.
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Gametes
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A sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm. The union of two gametes of opposite sex (fertilization) produces a zygote.
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Somatic cell
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Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a cell that develops into a sperm or egg; a body cell.
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Chromosomes
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A gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. Each chromosome consists of one very long threadlike DNA molecule and associated proteins.
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Chromatid
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one copy of a duplicated chromosome, which generally is joined to the other copy by a centromere, for the process of nuclear division (mitosis or meiosis). They are normally identical ("homozygous") but may have slight differences in the case of mutations, in which case they are heterozygous. They are called sister chromatids so long as they are joined by the centromeres. When they separate (during anaphase of mitosis and anaphase 2 of meiosis), the strands are called daughter chromosomes (although having the same genetic mass as the individual chromatids that made up its parent, the daughter "molecules" are still referred to as chromosomes much as one child is not referred to as a single twin). Before replication, one chromosome is composed of one DNA molecule and after there are two DNA molecules. This is because DNA replication increases the amount of DNA and does not increase the number of chromosomes.
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Chromatin
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The combination of DNA and proteins that constitutes chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by the chromosomes when a eukaryotic cell is not dividing.
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Centromere
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The region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis. The centromere divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis.
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Centrosome
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Material in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives rise to microtubules; important in mitosis and meiosis; functions as a microtubule-organizing center.
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Interphase
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The phase in the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. See also mitosis.
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Prophase
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The first stage of mitosis. During prophase, duplicated chromosomes condense to form structures visible with a light microscope, and the mitotic spindle forms and begins moving the chromosomes toward the center of the cell.
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Metaphase
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The second stage of mitosis. During metaphase, the centromeres of all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up on an imaginary plate equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle.
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Anaphase
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The third stage of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes has arrived at each of the two poles of the cell.
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Telophase
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The fourth and final stage of mitosis, during which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell. Telophase usually occurs together with cytokinesis.
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Cytokinesis
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The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs during telophase of mitosis, and the two processes (mitosis and cytokinesis) make up the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle.
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Cleavage furrow
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The first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
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Cell plate
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A membranous disk that forms across the midline of a dividing plant cell. During cytokinesis, the cell plate grows outward, accumulating more cell wall material and eventually fusing into a new cell wall.
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Malignant
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An abnormal tissue mass that spreads into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor.
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Benign
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An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.
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Metastasis
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The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site.
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Karyotype
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A display of micrographs of the metaphase chromosomes of a cell, arranged by size and centromere position.
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Homlogous Chromosomes
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The two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. Homologous chromosomes are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and possess genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother.
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Sex chromosomes
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A chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female; in mammals, for example, the X or Y chromosome.
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Autosomes
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A chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism; in mammals, for example, any chromosome other than X or Y.
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Fertilization
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The anaerobic harvest of food by some cells.
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Zygote
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The fertilized egg, which is diploid, that results from the union of haploid gametes (sperm and egg) during fertilization.
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Crossing over
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The exchange of segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
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Nondisjunction
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An accident of meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase.
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Downs syndrome
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A human genetic disorder resulting from the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by heart and respiratory defects and varying degrees of mental retardation.
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Heredity
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The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
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Genetics
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The scientific study of heredity (inheritance).
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Character
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A heritable feature that varies among individuals within a population, such as flower color in pea plants.
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Trait
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A variant of a character found within a population, such as purple flowers in pea plants.
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Homozygous
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Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
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Heterozygous
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Having two different alleles for a given gene.
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Dominant
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In a heterozygote, the allele that determines the phenotype with respect to a particular gene.
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Recessive
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In heterozygotes, the allele that has no noticeable effect on the phenotype.
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Allele
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An alternative version of a gene.
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Gene
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A unit of inheritance in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses) consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. Most of the genes of a eukaryote are located in its chromosomal DNA; a few are carried by the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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Punnett square
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A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization.
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Phenotype
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The expressed traits of an organism.
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Genotype
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The genetic makeup of an organism
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Locus
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The particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome. Homologous chromosomes have corresponding gene loci.
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Law of segregation
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A general rule of inheritance, first proposed by Gregor Mendel, that states that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate) into different gametes during meiosis.
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Rule of multiplication
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A rule stating that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities of the independent events.
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Carriers
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An individual who is heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder and who therefore does not show symptoms of that disorder.
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Inbreeding
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The mating of close relatives.
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Incomplete dominance
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A type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote (Aa) is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygotes (AA and aa).
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Codominance
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The expression of two different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote.
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Pleiotropy
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The control of more than one phenotypic character by a single gene.
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Polygenic inheritance
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The additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic.
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Linked genes
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Genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they are usually inherited together.
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Sex linked
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A gene located on a sex chromosome.
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Nucleotide
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An organic monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
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Polynucleotide
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A polymer made up of many nucleotides covalently bonded together.
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Double helix
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The form assumed by DNA in living cells, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
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DNA
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The genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents; a double-stranded helical macromolecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). See also gene.
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RNA
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A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
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Adenine
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A double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA.
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Guanine
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A double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA.
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Cytosine
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A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA.
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Thymine
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A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA.
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Uracil
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A single-ring nitrogenous base found in RNA.
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Transcription
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The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.
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Translation
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The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids.
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Codon
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A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. AUG, ACG, CUU,
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Messenger RNA
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The type of ribonucleic acid that encodes genetic information from DNA and conveys it to ribosomes, where the information is translated into amino acid sequences.
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Transfer RNA
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A type of ribonucleic acid that functions as an interpreter in translation. Each tRNA molecule has a specific anticodon, picks up a specific amino acid, and conveys the amino acid to the appropriate codon on mRNA.
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Ribosomal RNA
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The type of ribonucleic acid that, together with proteins, makes up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA.
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Mutation
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A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; a major source of genetic diversity.
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Mutagens
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A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.
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Bacteriophages
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A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.
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Viroids
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Viroids are plant pathogens that consist of a short stretch (a few hundred nucleobases) of highly complementary, circular, single-stranded RNA. In comparison, the genome of the smallest known viruses capable of causing an infection by themselves are around 2 kilobases in size. The human pathogen Hepatitis D Virus is similar to viroids. Viroid genomes are extremely small in size, ranging from 246 to 467 nucleotides (nt), and consisting of fewer than 10,000 atoms. Viroids are not usually considered a form of life.
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Prions
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An infectious form of protein that may multiply by converting related proteins to more prions. Prions cause several related diseases in different animals, including scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.
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Cellular Respiration
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The process of creating cell energy is known as
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Oxidation
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the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion.
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Reduction
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the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion.
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