Biology I Ch 1-4 Freeman

Front 1

_____consist of a membrane that contains concentrated chemicals dissolved in water.

Back 1

Cells

Front 2

________ states cells arise from non-living materials.

Back 2

Spontaneous hypothesis

Front 3

________states cells are produced when pre-existing cells grow and divide.

Back 3

All-cells-from-cells hypothesis

Front 4

Individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.

Back 4

Population

Front 5

What two conditions are present in natural selection?

Back 5

-individuals in a population must differ from one another for some heritable traits
-individuals with certain heritable traits must survive and/or produce better than individuals with other traits

Front 6

_______ is when individuals in a population are picked for particular traits and the process repeats over generations resulting in a population with altered characteristics.

Back 6

Artificial selection

Front 7

Name the organism classification that gives a unique 2-part scientific name consisting of the genus and hte species.

Back 7

Linneaen Taxonomy

Front 8

List the taxonomic levels from least to most specific

Back 8

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Front 9

Name the 5 kingdoms

Back 9

Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

Front 10

Carl Woese studied______ a molecule found in all organisms as a means for understanding the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.

Back 10

rRNA

Front 11

Woese proposed a new taxonomic level called the ___.

Back 11

Domain (life, domain, kingdom, etc)

Front 12

Name the 3 major groups/domains of organisms on the tree of life.

Back 12

Domain Bacteria (prokaryots)
Domain Archaea (prokaryots)
Domain Eukarea (eukaryots)

Front 13

_____ do not have a membrane bound nucleus.
_____ do have a membrane bound nucleus.

Back 13

Prokaryotic,Eukaryotic

Front 14

Biologists test ideas by evaluating the ________made by alternative ________.

Back 14

predictions,hypotheses

Front 15

Simmons and Scheepers tested the food competition hypothesis that:

Back 15

giraffes evolved long necks by natural selection because those with long necks reach food unavailable to others

Front 16

Because the food competition hypothesis did not hold true an __________ was developed that states_________.

Back 16

Alternative hypothesis/males with longer necks win more fights therefore father more offspring

Front 17

What is the theory that states all organisms are made of cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Back 17

Cell Theory

Front 18

Species change over time and are related to one another.

Back 18

Evolution

Front 19

Individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Back 19

Population

Front 20

What are the 2 conditions that must be met for natural selection to occur?

Back 20

-individuals in a population very in heritable traits
-certain heritable traits help individuals survive and reproduce, therefore pass on

Front 21

Name the 2 parts to a scientific name.

Back 21

genus/species

Front 22

Linnaeus' system of classification is hierarcheal with nested taxa, name the taxa from broadest to most specific.

Back 22

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Front 23

The hypothesis that expresses the alternative possibility that the explanation offered by the original hypothesis and is equally viable and equally testable?

Back 23

null hypothesis

Front 24

The bond that is formed in which each atom's unpaired electrons are shared by both nuclei to fill their orbitals is called

Back 24

covalent bond

no charge = nonpolar covalent
partial charge = polar covalent

Front 25

the type of bond formed when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

Back 25

ionic (full charge)

Front 26

an atom that loses an electron becomes positively charged is called _______
while an atom that gains an electron becomes negative is called ________

Back 26

cation/anion

Front 27

Name the ways formulas can be displayed

Back 27

molecular
structural
ball & stick
space filling

Front 28

Also known as the sum of the mass numbers of all the atoms in the molecule

Back 28

molecular weight

Front 29

______ = # of moles per liter

Back 29

molarity
1 mole = 6.022 x 10 to the 22

Front 30

chemical reaction that releases heat

Back 30

exothermic

Front 31

in a reduction-oxidation reaction, one molecule loses electrons, is ______ another gains electrons, is _______

Back 31

positive/negative

Front 32

The way that the 20 major amino acids differ is by these

Back 32

R-group

Front 33

a small organic molecule with a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side group. proteins are polymers of 20 of them

Back 33

amino acids

Front 34

Hydrophobic means ______
hydrophilic means ______

Back 34

water fearing/water loving

Front 35

These are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures

Back 35

isomers

Front 36

monomers polymerize into polymers through these reactions, which release a water molecule

Back 36

condensation or dehydration

Front 37

the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another to form this bond

Back 37

peptide bond

Front 38

a proposed explanationi for a broad class of phenomena or observations

Back 38

theory

Front 39

a member of the domain Bacteria or Archaea; a unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and containing relatively few organelles or cytoskeletal components

Back 39

prokaryote

Front 40

the relative ability of an individual to produce viable offspring compared with other individuals in the same population

Back 40

fitness

Front 41

the branch of biology concerned with the classification and naming of organisms

Back 41

taxonomy

Front 42

a chemical bond that is formed when the electron is completely transferred from one atom to another so that the atoms remain associated due to their opposite electric charges

Back 42

ionic bond

Front 43

a quantitative measure of the amount of disorder of any system, such as a group of molecules

Back 43

entropy

Front 44

a type of chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Back 44

covalent bond

Front 45

the covalent bond (C-N) formed by a condensation reaction between two amino acids; links the residues in peptides and proteins

Back 45

peptide bond

Front 46

a class of small, nitrogen-containing, single-ringed bases (cytosine, uracil, thymine) found in nucleotides

Back 46

pyrimidines

Front 47

a class of small, nitrogen-containing, double-ringed bases (guanine, adenine) found in nucleotides

Back 47

purines

Front 48

the process by which many identical or similar small molecules (monomers) are covalently bonded to form a large molecule

Back 48

polymerization

Front 49

the portion of an enzyme molecule where substrates (reactant molecules) bind and react

Back 49

active site

Front 50

a member of the domain Eukarya; an organism whose cells contain a nucleus, numerous membrane-bound organelles, and an extensive cytoskeleton. may be unicellular or multicellular

Back 50

eukaryote

Front 51

any heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual with that trait, compared with individuals without that trait, in a particular environment

Back 51

adaptation

Front 52

a substance, consisting of atoms with a specific number of proteons, that cannot be seperated into or broken down to any other substance. they preserve their identity in chemical reactions

Back 52

element

Front 53

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Back 53

mass number

Front 54

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, giving the atom its identity as a particular chemical element

Back 54

atomic number

Front 55

the chemical reaction that absorbs heat

Back 55

endothermic

Front 56

a covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally giving one a partial positive and one a partial negative charge

Back 56

polar covalent bond

Front 57

a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of the same or similar electronegativity

Back 57

nonpolar covalent bond

Front 58

a chemical reaction in which a molecule is split into smaller molecules by reacting with water (in biology: split polymers into monomers)

Back 58

hydrolysis

Front 59

interact readily with water, typically polar compounds containing charged or electronegative atoms

Back 59

hydrophilic

Front 60

do not interact readily with water, typicallly nonpolar compounds that lack charged or electronegative atoms and often contain many C-C and C-H bonds

Back 60

hydrophobic

Front 61

the amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction; specifically, the energy required to reach the transition state

Back 61

activation energy

Front 62

chemical linkage between adjacent nucleotide residues in DNA and RNA. forms when the phosphate group of one nucleotide condenses with teh hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide

Back 62

phosphodiester linkage (bond)

Front 63

the theory that simple chemical compounds in the ancient atmosphere and ocean combined by spontaneous chemical reactions to form larger, more complex substances, eventually leading to the origin of life and the start of biological evolution

Back 63

chemical evolution

Front 64

a group of orbitals of electrons with similar energies in layers around the nucleus. electrons in outer shells have more energy than thos in inner shells

Back 64

electron shell

Front 65

any compound that gives up protons or accepts electrons during a chemical reaction or that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Back 65

acid

Front 66

any compound that acquires protons or gives up electrons during a chemical reaction or accepts hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Back 66

base

Front 67

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C a measure of hte capacity of a substance to absorb energy

Back 67

specific heat

Front 68

a small molecule that can covalently bind to other similar molecules to form a large macromolecule

Back 68

monomer

Front 69

any substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical changes

Back 69

catalyst

Front 70

a macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptide chains composed of 50 or more amino acids linked together. each as a unique sequence of amino acids and in its native state, a characteristic 3-dimensional shape

Back 70

protein

Front 71

for a macromolecule, loss of its 3-dimensional structure and biological activity due to breakage of hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds, usually caused by treatment with excess heat or extreme pH

Back 71

denaturation

Front 72

inhibition of an enzyme's ability to catalyze a chemical reaction via a nonreactant molecule that competes with the substrate for access to the active site

Back 72

competitive inhibition

Front 73

a nucleic acid composed of ribonucleotides that usually is single stranded and functions as structural components of rRNA (ribosomes), transporters of amino acids (tRNA), and translators of the message of the DNA code (mRNA)

Back 73

RNA ribonucleic acid

Front 74

a nucleic acid composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information of a cell

Back 74

DNA deoxyrobonucleic acid

Front 75

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Back 75

phylogeny

Front 76

a notation that indicates only the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule ex: H2O

Back 76

molecular formula

Front 77

a weak interaction between two molecules or different parts of the same molecule resulting from teh attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge of another tome with a partial negative charge

Back 77

hydrogen bond

Front 78

a chain of 50 or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Back 78

polypeptide

Front 79

a protein that facilitates teh 3-dimensional folding of newly synthesized proteins, usually by an ATP-dependent mechanism

Back 79

molecular chaperones

Front 80

regulation of a protein's function by binding of a regulatory molecule, usually to a specific site distinct from the active site, causing a change in the protein's shape

Back 80

allosteric regulation

Front 81

trait that can be transmitted from one generation to another

Back 81

heritable trait

Front 82

the capacity to do work or to supply heat; may be stored (potential) or in the form of motion (kinetic)

Back 82

energy

Front 83

a 2-dimensional notation in which the chemical symbols for the constituent atoms are joined by straight lines representing single, double, or triple covalent bonds

Back 83

structural formula

Front 84

the principle of physics that energy is conserved in any process. energy can be transferred and converted into different forms but it cannot be created or destroyed

Back 84

1st law of thermodynamics

Front 85

the process by which many identical or similar small molecules are covalently bonded to form a large molecule

Back 85

polymerization

Front 86

a reactant that interacts with an enzyme in a chemical reaction

Back 86

substrate

Front 87

a protein catalyst used by living organisms to speed up and control biological reactions

Back 87

enzymes

Front 88

the association between specific nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids stabilized by hydrogen bonding. A only with T, G only with C, etc

Back 88

complementary base pairing