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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Macromolecule
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very large molecule made up of smaller molecules that are linked together
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Metabolism
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the sum of the total of all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
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Essential Nutrient
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a nutrient that cannot be made by the body, and must therefore be obtained from food
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Monosaccharide
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A simple sugar with three to seven carbon atoms
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Disaccharide
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a sugar made up of two monosaccharide molecules
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Polysaccharide
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a large molecule made up of many linked monosaccharide molecules
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Glycogen
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a polysaccharide made up of glucose units
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Lipid
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an organic compound that does not dissolve in water, such as fat and oil
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Amino acid
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a building block of protein
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Peptide Bond
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a bond that holds together the amino acids in a protein
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Polypeptide
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a linear chain of several amino acids linked by peptide bonds
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Hydrolysis
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a chemical reaction in which water breaks apart macromolecules into smaller molecules
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Enzyme
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a protein molecule that helps speed up important chemical reactions in the body that is not used up in the reactions
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Roles of Water in the body
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Transport dissolved nutrients into the cells that line the small intestine, flush toxins from cells, lubricate tissues and joints, form essential body fluids (blood and mucus), regulate body temperature (sweat), eliminate waste materials (urine and sweat)
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Filter feeders
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Aquatic animals that siphons water into its mouth and filters it to obtain small organisms to digest. Ie tube sponge
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Substrate feeders
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Live in or on their food source and eat their way through it. Ie caterpillars
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Fluid feeders
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Obtain food by sucking or licking nutrient-rich fluids from live plants or animals. Ie butterfly
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Bulk feeders
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Ingest large pieces of food. Ie dogs, humans
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Ingestion
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Taking in or eating of food
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Digestion
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breakdown of food by mechincal and chemical processes into molecules small enough for cells of the body to absorb
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Absorption
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Transport of the products of digestion from the digestive system into the circulatory system, which distributes them to the rest of the body
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Elimination
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The removal of undigested solid waste matter from the body
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Alimentary Canal
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The tube through which food is processed, beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus; aka digestive tract
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Mechanical digestion
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the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces in the mouth by teeth, beak, etc, and by contractions and churning motions in the stomach
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Chemical digestion
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The chemical breakdown of nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by enzyme action
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Salivary glands
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Glands in the mouth that produce saliva to begin the chemical digestion of food
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Saliva
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A watery secretion in the mouth that begins the digestive process; contains the enzyme amylase
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Esophagus
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The muscular tube through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach
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Peristalsis
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A wave like series of muscular contractions in the esophagus
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Esopageal sphincter
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A ring of muscle that controls the entrance to the stomach from the esophagus
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Bolus
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Food that has been molded by the mouth
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Epiglottis
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Valve that controls the opening and closing of the trachea
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Gastric Juice
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A mixture of hydrochloric acid, salts, enzymes, water, and mucus that is produced by glands in the stomach to help digest food
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What protects the stomach from being attacked by the strong acidic gastric juice inside it?
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The mucus lining the walls
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What increases surface area in the stomach?
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The folds of the stomach that allow it to expand after a meal
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Chyme
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A thick liquid produced in the stomach and made of digested food and gastric juice
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Pepsin
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An enzyme (active when hydrochloric acid is present) in gastric juice that helps break down proteins into polypeptides
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Pyloric sphincter
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The muscular valve at the lower end of the stomach that keeps food in the stomach
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How many layers of muscle fibers does the stomach have and what do they do?
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3 and they contract and churn and mechanically break up pieces of food and mix them with the gastric juice
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What are the three parts of the small intestine?
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Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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Where does most chemical digestion occur?
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Small intestine
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Where is chemical digestion completed?
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Small intestine
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Duodenum
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a short, wide u-shaped section of the small intestine into which food passes from the stomach
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Villi
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finger-link projections lining the surface of the small intestine that increase the surface area to improve the absorption of nutrients
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What two organs help the function of the duodenum?
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Pancreas and gall bladder
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Jejunum
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The portal of the small intestine that follows immediately after the duodenum; contains more folds than the duodenum; breaks down proteins and carbs
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ileum
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the portion of the small intestine that follows immediately after the jejunum; absorb nutrients and push remaining undigested material into the large intestine
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Bile
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a greenish-yellow fluid secreted by the liver that helps digest fat
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What factors affect enzyme action?
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Temperature and pH
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What is the ideal pH and temperature for pepsin?
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2 and 36-39 degrees celsius
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What is the ideal pH and temperature for trypsin?
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8 and 36-39 degrees celsius
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What does the liver do?
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The liver transforms monosaccharides into glucose and is carried to all parts of the body through the circulatory system as a source of energy
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What is the purpose of glycogen
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The liver converts excess glucose into glycogen and stores it in the liver. When the body needs additional energy, it is converted back to glucose.
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Where do most mino acids come from?
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The liver
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What do amino acids do?
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They are converted into sugars or used in energy-releasing chemical reactions; or become urea; or are carried by the circulatory system to the cells of the body where they are used to make enzymes and othe proteins
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What do glycerol and fatty acid molecules do?
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They are absorbed into the cells of the small intestine, where they are reassembled to form triglycerides; coated with proteins to make them water soluble; then pass from the cells of the small intestines into a network of vessels that transfer them into the bloodstream. The protein coating is then removed and they are broken down by lipase back to glycerol and fatty acids to provide energy to the cells.
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What is the main function of the large intestine?
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To absorb water from the alimentary canal. 90% of water is reabsorbed into the blood and extra-cellular fluids.
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What kind of bacteria is in the colon?
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Anaerobic bacteria and they produce important vitamins
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What is the primary function of the mouth?
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Mechanical and chemical digestion-first stage
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What is the primary function of the esophagus?
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Transport, swallowing, stage two
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What is the primary function of the stomach?
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Mechanical and chemical digestion, stage three
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What is the primary function of the small intestine?
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Mechanical and chemical digestion, stage four
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What is the primary function of the large intestine
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Water absorption, stage five
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Starch, glycogen reacts with what to create what
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Salivary amylase and creates maltose (a disaccharide)
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In the stomach, protein is broken down by what to create what
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Broken down by pepsin to create peptides
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In the small intestine, what breaks down starch and glycogen and what is produced?
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Pancreatic amylase and maltose
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In the small intestine, what breaks down sucrose and what is produced?
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Sucrase and glucose and fructose
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In the small intestine, what breaks down maltose and what is produced?
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Maltase and glucose is produced
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In the small intestine, what breaks down lactose and what is produced?
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Lactase and glucose and galactose is produced
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In the small intestine, what breaks down lipids and what is produced?
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Pancreatic lipase nd fatty acids and glycerol
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In the small intestine, what breaks down small polypeptides and what is produced?
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Trypsin and chymotripsin and smaller peptides
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In the small intestine, what breaks down peptides and what is produced?
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Peptidases and smaller peptides + amino acids
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Where do most of the enzyme reactions related to digestion occur?
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In the small intestine (duodenum)
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What breaks down sucrose?
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sucrase
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What breaks down lipids?
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pancreatic lipase
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What breaks down protein?
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Pepsin, trypsin
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What breaks down glycogen?
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salivary and pancreatic amylase
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Why is it necessary to break down macromolecules before they are absorbed into the small intestine?
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Because they need to be small enough to be digested fully by villi
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Why is protein broken down mostly in the stomach?
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Stomach can expand, has layers to mechanically digest, surface area, chemicals to break down, has a pH of 2, can hold protein when the small intestine is full
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How do resulting smaller molecules further break down after absorption?
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Bile breaks down lipids; large intestine absorbs water; liver filters blood; break down glucose to glycogen
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Wht is the consequences if a person has their pancreas removed?
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No production of insulin; bicarbonate would not be present, which would not allow the chyme to reach a higher pH.
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Where does the chemical digestion of carbs occur, the enzymes involved, the end products, and the functions of the body?
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small intestines and mouth; amylase, sucrase, maltase, lactase; monosaccharides; short term and long term energy (glycogen)
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Where does the chemical digestion of proteins occur, the enzymes involved, the end products, and the functions of the body?
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stomach (duodenum) and small intestine; pepsin, proteases; polypeptides, amino acids, peptides; long term energy, cell function, cell growth, cell structure
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Where does the chemical digestion of lipids occur, the enzymes involved, the end products, and the functions of the body?
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Small intestine; pancreatic lipase, bile; fatty acids, glycerol, glycerides; long term energy, insulation, cushioning.
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5 chemicals of life, not including water
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lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals, nucleic acids, carbohydrates
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What is the body's most important source of energy? (long and short)
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Carbohydrates; comes from plants through photosynthesis; usually end in "ose" ; made up of single sugar molecules or chains containing many molecules; CH2O
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Importance of lipids?
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Stores energy; aids in the absorption of vitamins, insulate the body and protects some delicate organs, key components in cell membrane, act as raw materials for synthesis of hormones or other chemicals
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Importance of proteins?
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Used to perform cellular functions and synthesize cell structures; consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur; building blocks; hydrophobic and hydrophilic
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What do our bodies need to make proteins?
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Amino acids
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Importance of proteins #2?
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Dictate shapes of defense, structure, storage, enzymes, communications, transport
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