Biology Final Honors 18Th

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Taxonomy

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the discipline of classifying each organism a universally accepted name

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Binomial Nomenclature

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classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name, it is always in italics, the first word is capitalized and the second is lower cased. "Ursus arctos"

The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus.

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Carolus Linnoeus

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developed the two word naming system, he is given credit for classification used today

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Alexander Fleming

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a Scottish biologist, discovered penicillin

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Jonas salk

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Jonas Edward Salk was an American medical researcher and virologist. He discovered and developed the first successful inactivated polio vaccine

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Louis Pesteur

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Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization

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Seven levels of classification (taxa)

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Kings - Kingdom 1

Pay - Phylum 2

Chess - Class 3

On - Order 4

Fine- Family 5

Grain - Genus 6

Sand - Species 7

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Domain

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Domain- Largest, least specific/ newest level of classification.

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three domains and what composes them

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1. Eukarya - Eukaryotes- protists, fungi, plants, and animals

2. Bacteria - composed of eubacteria

3. Archea - ARCHAEBACTERIA

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Six kingdoms, characteristics and examples

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Kingdoms- Fundamental division between groups of organisms

1. eubacteria -prokaryotes, unicellular, cell walls with peptidoglycan (monera) Auto&Hetero - E. coli

2. archaebactera - unicellular, prokaryotes, cell walls without peptidoglycan (monera) Auto& hetero -Methanogens

3. Protista- unicellular, eukaryotic, cell walls with cellulose, giant kelp, auto&hetero

4. Fungi - multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotroph, cell walls with chitin, decomposers, mushrooms

5. Plantae- multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophs, cell walls with cellulose and chloroplasts.

6.Animalia- Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs, no cell wall.

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unicellular

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one cell

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multicellular

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many cells

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prokaryote

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no nucleus

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eukaryote

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has a nucleus

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phylogeny

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evolutionary relationships among organisms, groups organisms into taxa based on common descent and genetic similarity.

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cladogram

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diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

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dichotomous key

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series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms

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five classes of vertebrates (examples)

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Vertebrates- have backbones

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Five classes of vertebrates

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fish- gills, scales, fins - salmon

amphibians -breath through skin, always wet- frogs'

reptiles-hard scales, have lungs, lays eggs snakes

birds-feathers, beaks, fly ducks

- mammals- viviparous. raccoons

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monera

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bactera, archae and eubacteria

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bacteria- basic structures and characteristics

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most are prokaryotes, unicellular, both A&H

a- cell wall

b- cell membrane

c- cytoplasm

d- region of genetic material

e- capsules-

f - flagellum

g - pili

h - endospore

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capsule

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protective layers of polysaccharides around cell walls in some bacteria

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pili

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protein strands used for attachment

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endospore

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tough coating that surrounds the genetic material region

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label the bacteria

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three shapes of bacteria

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rod shapes -Bacilli/ Baccilus

Spherical- round- cocci/ coccus

spiral - spirilli / spirillium

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colony of bacteria- 3 types

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Diplo- two cells - diplococcus

Stepto- long chains - streptococcus

Staphylo- large clusters- staphyloccus

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reaction to gram stain

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cell walls of bacteria react to gram stain

1. gram positive - cell wall stains purple

2. gram negative- cell wall stains pink

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photoautotroph

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use sunlight as a source of energy by means of pigments

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chemoautotroph

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uses energy from chemcial reactions, nitrogen fixation

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saprophyte

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an organism that feeds on dead or decaying organic matter - heterotroph

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symbiante (symbiosis)

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interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.a mutually beneficial relationship

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parasite

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an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense

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obligate anaerobe, example

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bacteria that cannot survive in the precedence of oxygen, botulism

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obligate aerobe, example

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bacteria that cab't survive without oxygen (tuberculosis)

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facultative anaerobe, example

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bacteria that can live with or without oxygen -

e coli in digestive tract

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binary fission

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reproduction done by some bacteria- asexual process of splitting in two

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conjugation

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sexual reproduction in which genetic information moves form a cell of one filament to a cell of an adjoining filament through a protein bridge

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toxin

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poisonous substances that disrupt the metabolism of the infected organism

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endotoxin

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found in the cell walls of most gram negative bacteria, they damage the circulatory system

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exotoxin, example

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products of the metabolism of some bacteria and secreted into the area surrounding the bacteria, botulism

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ways to control bacteria/ human uses

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sterilization- heat or disinfectants

food processing - refrigeration, boiling

humans use it to make cheese, digest petroleum for oil spills, waste treatment,

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virus

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particles of nucleic acid, protein, and sometimes lipids that reproduce by infecting live cells, composed of a dna/rna core surrounded by a protein coat

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capsid

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virus' protein coat, includes proteins that enable a virus to enter a host cell

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classification of viruses

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dna core, is all other viruses, retrovirus has rna, regular virus = banana virus

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retrovirus

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SMRV-HSquirrel monkey retrovirus, retroviruses contain RNA instead of DNA, they produce a dna copy of their rna which is inserted into host dna

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lytic cycle

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kills host cell, first the bacteriophage injects dna into the bacteria, then it's dna forms a circvle then the bacteriophage takes over the bacteriums metabolism causing the production of new bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids. Following this the bacteriophage proteins and nucelic acids assemble into new bacteriophage, then the bacteriophage enzyme lyses the cell wall releasing the bacteriophages to attack other cells.

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lysogenic cycle

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the virus integrates its dna with host dna and it replicates with the other cells without killing it, first the bacteriopahge inject its dna into the bacteria, then the dna forms a circle, then the bacteriophage's dna inserts itself into the bacterial chromosome, then that dna (prophage) replicates with the cell and finally it exists the chromosome, then the lytic cycle may start.

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viroids

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single stranded RNA molecules that have no capsids

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prions

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contain no dna or rna, short for protein infectious particles

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bacteriophage

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viruses that infect bacteri

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prophage

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viral dna embedded in the hosts dna

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temperate virus

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A virus that does not cause immediate lysis following entry to its host but remains in a latent state, replicating its genome along with the host's genome

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virulent virus

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A virus that lyses its host immediately upon infection and often cause disease

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vaccine

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a preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen that prompts the body to produce immunity to the disease when injected

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antibiotic

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compounds that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria

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antibody

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produced by b-cells or white blood cells , attacks antigens

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antigen

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triggers the specific immune response

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disease

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any change other than injury that disrupts the normal function of the body

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diseases spread how?

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physical contact, air, contaminated food/water, infected animals or vectors

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pathogen

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any organism that causes a disease

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toxin

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poisonous substances that disrupt the infected organisms metabolism.

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vectors

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animals that carry pathogens from person to person, eg. ticks, mosquitos

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infectious disease

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a transmittable disease caused by the entrance into the body of an organism that multiplies.

may spread from host to host by air, water, human/animal contact, or arthropods like ticks

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immune response

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reactions of the body against a foreign substance

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nonspecific defenses

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an act against all disease causing organisms in the same fashion, skin/ mucus membranes, inflammatory response

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specific defenses

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one or more component of the immune system attacks a specific pathogen. White blood cells attack antigens by producing antibodies or it uses proteins to recall previous pathogens and attack antigens.

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immunity

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resistance to a specific pathogen

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natural immunity

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immunity present at birth

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acquired immunity

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develops after birth

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active immunity

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body makes its own antibodies in response ti an antigen, like a vaccination for a specific disease

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passive immunity

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antibodies produced by other organisms work against a pathogen in the blood stream, like penicillin

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interferon

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protein produced by the body's cells that inhibits the reproduction of viruses

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fever

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nonspecific defense, norm temp 98.6

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animal like protists

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sarcodina, ciliphora, zoomagistigna, sporozoa

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sarcodina

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ameba, move by pseudopodia-false foot, reproduce by binary fission,excrete by contractile vacuole, eat with phagocytosis

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ciliophoria

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paramecium, movement by cilia, srounded by pellicle, 2 nuclei, reproduce binary fiss

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zoomastigina

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move by flagella, abosorb food thru membrane, parasites like giardia, reproduce binary

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sporozoa

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nonmotile, can't move, all are parasitic, reproduce by spores, example is a coccidian

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plant like protists

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euglenophyta, pyrrophyta,chrysophyta (diatoms)

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euglenophyta

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have choroplats, both auto and heterotroph, move by flegella, eyespot for sun detection, ex a euglena

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pyrrophyta

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dinoflagellates, fire protists, photosynthetic, move by two flagella, many are luminescent, ride tide phenomenon,= red algea,

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chrysophyta

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golden protists, diatoms, cell walls made of carbohydrates instead of cellulose, some have flagella, reproduce both ways, diatoms have silicon or glass cell walls. = yellow green and golden brown algae

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slime molds are ?

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fungilike protists

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slime mold definition, example

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cellular and acellular, classified as amoeba and fungi, difficult to classify, reproduce with spores

ex = myxogastria

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algae

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eukaryotic plantlike autotrophs, unicellular algae are part of protista kingdom, multicellular belong to plant kingdom, unicellular = chlorella, multicellular = giant kelp

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fungi

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eukaryotic, heterotrophs, multicellular, mushroom, yeast

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filament

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make up mycelium

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mycelium

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body of fungi, made of tiny filaments tangled in thick mass

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hyphae

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individual filaments that make up mycelium

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uses of fungi

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yeast is used to make alcohol and bread

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plants

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autotrophs, eukaryotic, multicellular, examples ponderosa tree

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vascular plants

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have vascular tissue that conducts water, the plants have true roots, stems, and leaves, eg ferns

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non vascular plants

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no vascular tissue or true roots, stems, or leaves, eg moss, liverworts

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seedless vascular plants

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no seeds but have roots,s tems, and leaves, eg ferns, club moss

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seeded plant

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have seeds which are multicellular structures containing an embryo, TRee

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two types of seeded plants

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gymnosperm and angiosperm

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gymnosperm

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naked seed, cone bearing- bears seeds directly on surfaces of cones EG CONIFERS- PINE/spruce, palm like ginkgoes.

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angiosperm

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flowers, all flowering plants, flowers are the reproductive organs divided into two groups, monocots and dicots

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monocots

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one seed, veins in the leaves are parallel, flowers occur in threes or multiplies of three, vascular bundles scattered in the stems, roots are fiberous, one cotyledon

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dicots

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dicots, two seeds, veins from a branching network in leaves, flowers occur in 4s/5s, vascular bunles in a ring around stem, single tap root, two cotyledons

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vascular tissues

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plant tissue specialized to conduct water and nutrients through the plant

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xylem

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vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from roots to leaves, upward

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phloem

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transports dissolved sugars, carbs, produced by photosynthesis from leaves to roots (down)

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three main parts/functions of a vascular plant

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roots - anchor plants, enable them to take in water/nutrients

stems - hold leaves up to sun, conduct water to roots and leaves

leaves- collect solar energy and makes food during photosynthesis

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cone

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seed bearing structure in gymnosperms

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fruit

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wall of tissue surround angiosperm seeds

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embryo

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diploid, early stage of development of a sporophyte plant

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seed

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embryo of plant that is enclosed in a protective covering and surrounded by food supply dispersed by animals wind or fur.

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flower

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seed bearing structure in angiosperms that contain ovaries which protect the seeds

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pollination

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transfer of pollen from the male structure to the female one

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germination

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early growth stage of a plant embryo

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woody plants

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have the thick cell walls that support the plant body, ex shrubs

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herbaceous plants

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smooth, non woody, no wood, do not produce wood as they grow, eg dandilions

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annuals

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flowering plants growing only one year - marigolds

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biennials

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grow roots stems leaves in first season then it flowers and dies in second season

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perennials

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grow and reproduce every year for an indefinite amount of time, eg most trees, grasses, weeds

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four categories of food plants, name and example

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cereals - rice, wheat

legumes - peas- soy beans

root grows - carrots and potatoes

fruits - grapes, apples

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pollen

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carried to female plant by wind , insects, small animals

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anthers

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the part of a stamen that contains the pollen.

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pistil

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the ovule-bearing or seed-bearing female organ of a flower, consistingwhen complete of ovary, style, and stigma.

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sepals

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each of the parts of the calyx of a flower, enclosing the petals and typically green and leaflike.

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petal

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A member of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs of a flower, usually soft and coloured conspicuously.

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gametophyte

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the haploid phase 1n, gamete producing plant

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sporophyte

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diploid phase, 2N, grows into new individual,

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fiberous root

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It is usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem. A fibrous root system is in plants and ferns.

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taproot

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In a plant with a taproot system, the taproot is the largest, most central, and most dominant root. Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is tapering in shape, and grows directly downward. #central root

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eubacteria -,examples

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prokaryotes, unicellular, cell wallswith peptidoglycan (monera) Auto&Hetero - E. coli

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archaebactera -,examples

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unicellular, prokaryotes, cell walls without peptidoglycan (monera) Auto& hetero -Methanogens

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3. Protista-,examples

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unicellular, eukaryotic, cell walls with cellulose, giant kelp, auto&hetero

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4. Fungi - ,examples

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multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotroph, cell walls with chitin, decomposers, mushrooms

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5. Plantae, examples

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- multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophs, cell walls with cellulose and chloroplasts.

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6.Animalia-, examples

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Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs, no cell wall.