Biology Final Flash Cards

Front 1

in what cellular organelle does photosynthesis occur?

Back 1

chloroplasts

Front 2

photosynthesis is an (blank) process, with the original source of energy being (blank)

Back 2

endergonic, light

Front 3

what occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Back 3

NADP+ is converted to NADPH

Front 4

in the light reactions of photosynthesis, what is the funtion of the reaction center

Back 4

it captures energy from energized electrons

Front 5

what occurs during the dark reactions (calvin cycle) of photosynthesis

Back 5

energy released from ATP and NADPH is used to produce G3P

Front 6

the dark reactions (calvin cycle) of photosynthesis take place in the

Back 6

stroma

Front 7

which molecule is a necessary input into dark reactions of photosynthesis

Back 7

CO2

Front 8

what do plants use sugars produced during photosynthesis for?

Back 8

as stored energy in the form of starch, as food (to fuel cellular resp), to make cellulose

Front 9

what do unicellular organisms use cell division for?

Back 9

to reproduce

Front 10

what does NOT occur during interphase of the cell cycle?

Back 10

the cell nucleus and cytoplasm divide

Front 11

what percentage of the cell cycle is spend in the mitotic phase

Back 11

90%

Front 12

what is NOT true of sister chromatids

Back 12

they can hold different alleles

Front 13

what happens during prophase of mitosis

Back 13

chromatin tightens to form distinct chromosomes

Front 14

which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up at the center of the cell

Back 14

metaphase

Front 15

what best describes meiosis

Back 15

4 haploid gamets are formed from 1 diploid cell

Front 16

what happens during meiosis II

Back 16

sister chromatids separate

Front 17

the non sex chromosomes are called

Back 17

autosomes

Front 18

the law o independent assortment states that

Back 18

pairs of chromosomes separate independent of each other during meiosis

Front 19

down syndrome, which has various symptoms such as small stature, rounded face, and increased risk of heart problems, is caused by what chromosomal abnormality?

Back 19

extra copy of chromosome 21

Front 20

which scientist, known as the father of genetics, came up with the chromosomal theory of inheritance

Back 20

Gregor Mendel

Front 21

the following refers to a trait with two possible alleles: T and t. If a woman who is heterozygous for the trait mates with a man who homozygous dominant, what is the prob that their first child will be homozygous recessive (do a punnet square)

Back 21

0

Front 22

an individual with genotype of AaBb can produce what gametes? (punnet square)

Back 22

AB, aB, Ab, ab

Front 23

what is true of homologous chromosomes?

Back 23

they hold the same genes

Front 24

what represents an ingeritance pattern in which a signle trait is affected by many genes?

Back 24

polygenic inheritence

Front 25

what term refers to an inheritance pattern in which both alleles present in the genotype are fully expressed? (ex: AB blood type and calico cats)

Back 25

codominance

Front 26

three main structural components of a nucleotide are:

Back 26

a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Front 27

what pair of scientists were credited with discovery of the 3D structure of DNA?

Back 27

james wateson n francis crick

Front 28

what is (one thing) true of RNA?

Back 28

it contains the sugar ribose

Front 29

what sequence of nucleotides would pair up with the DNA sequence AAGCTTACG to make a dbl stranded DNA molecule?

Back 29

TTCGAATGC

Front 30

what type of mutation in a gene is LEAST likely to result in a change to the protein produced?

Back 30

base substitution

Front 31

a codon consists of three (?) and codes for on (?)

Back 31

nucleotides, amino acid

Front 32

smallest unit of life that has all the features of life is the

Back 32

cell

Front 33

all living org's inhabiting an area, including members of every species but not including non-living features, make up a

Back 33

community

Front 34

what unifies life on earth? what is tru of all living organisms?

Back 34

living org's: grow and develop, have DNA, use energy

Front 35

looking thru a microscope, you see a multicellular, nucleus having, organism that feeds by ingestion of other organisms. conclude that is is a ? in the group ?

Back 35

eukaryote, animalia

Front 36

organisms that are unicellular and dont have membrane-bound nucleus belong in which group?

Back 36

bacteria

Front 37

what set of ceatures are common to ALL cells?

Back 37

contain DNA, Ribosomes, and plasma (cell) membranes

Front 38

within a cell, the sites of protein synthesis are called

Back 38

ribosomes

Front 39

what organelle functions as the cells digestive system and also recycles old or damaged organelles?

Back 39

lysosome

Front 40

true or false? according to cell theory, all living things are composed of cells

Back 40

true

Front 41

elements that living organisms need, but only in small amounts, are

Back 41

trace elements

Front 42

what most determines whether an atom of an element will be stable or reactive? (what determines chemical properties?)

Back 42

the arrangement of its electrons

Front 43

the bond that forms between two toms that share a pair of electrons unequally is called

Back 43

a polar covalent bond

Front 44

what element is commonly found in nucleic acids?

Back 44

phosphorus

Front 45

what are the polymers proteins?

Back 45

polypeptides

Front 46

what are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Back 46

nucleotides

Front 47

what plysaccharide is used for storage of energy in plant seeds, roots, and other tissues?

Back 47

starch

Front 48

what types of fats have double bonds in their fatty acid chains, and are liquid at room temperature?

Back 48

unsaturated fats

Front 49

diffusion is a type of

Back 49

passive transport

Front 50

what best explains why lettuce leaves go limp if left sitting in salad dressing? (hypertonic/hypotonic, lose/gain water)

Back 50

the dressing is hypertonic environment, so the lettuce cells lose water by osmosis

Front 51

what is (one thing) true of enzymes?

Back 51

their shape determines their function

Front 52

what occurs during chemical reactions?

Back 52

bonds in reactants are broken

bonds in products are formed

composition of molecules changes

Front 53

if a reaction's reactants have more chemical energy than its products, the reaction is?

Back 53

exergonic

Front 54

what is one thing true of fermentation

Back 54

it's an anaerobic process

Front 55

what does NOT occur during glycosis

Back 55

carbon atoms are stripped from glucose and used to make CO2

Front 56

what occurs during glycosis? (3)

Back 56

2 molecules of pyruvate are formed from breakdown of glucose.

2 net ATP are gained.

2 molecules of NAD gain electrons to become 2 NADH.

Front 57

what occurs during the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration

Back 57

Acetyl CoA is broken apart, producing CO2 and resulting in the banking of energy in the molecules NADH and FADH2

Front 58

during cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the

Back 58

cristae of the mitochondrial inner membrane

Front 59

what (is one thing that) occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 59

2 molecules of pyruvate are used to make CO2 and ATP

Front 60

what statement best describes cancer?

Back 60

cancer is uncontrolled cell growth

Front 61

which helps the HIV virus enter host cells?

Back 61

attachment of glycoprotein spikes

Front 62

what best describes vaccines?

Back 62

they are weakened harmless form of a virus or other pathogen

Front 63

male sage grouse display to females in open fields using a combo of sounds, wing movements, and puffing up their chests to persuade females to mate. if female agrees, the male will pass on his genes. this type of sexual selection is called

Back 63

intersexual choice

Front 64

true or false? natural selection works with existing variation

Back 64

true

Front 65

a change in population allele frequencies due to chance is called

Back 65

genetic drift

Front 66

a gene pool is best defined as

Back 66

all the alleles present within a population

Front 67

what can be a source of genetic variation in populations?

Back 67

sexual reproduction

mutation

Front 68

what best explains why populations of endangered species often have low genetic variation?

Back 68

they have experienced the bottleneck affect

Front 69

what best describes sexual dimorphism?

Back 69

within a species, males and females are very different in appearance

Front 70

what is true of mutations? (3)

Back 70

mutation is ultimate source of genetic variation in populations.
mutation can be a cause of evolution in populations.
mutations can lead to the creation of new alleles.

Front 71

what occurs when a population size is reduced due to colonization, such as when a few individuals from a big population colonize an island?

Back 71

founder effect

Front 72

what best describes "fitness" according to evolutionary biologists?

Back 72

an individuals contribution to the gene pool of the net generation

Front 73

offspring of a male donkey and female horse is a mule. a mule can survive for many years but cannot redproduce. this type of barrier to reproduction between species is called

Back 73

reduced hybrid fertility

Front 74

what botanist, known as "father of taxonomy" popularized the scientific naming system?

Back 74

Carolus Linnaeus

Front 75

what is the correct order sequence in the classification hierarchy from broader to less inclusive?

Back 75

Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species

"Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach"

Front 76

what is true of scientific names? (3)

Back 76

theyre all in a common language

they reflect organisms classification

they are recognized by scientists throughout the world

Front 77

similar traits that are found in different species, and are due to evolution to similar environments (not due to shared ancestry) are called

Back 77

analogous structures

Front 78

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called a

Back 78

phylogeny

Front 79

what best summarizes the goal of modern taxonomy

Back 79

classifications based on true evolutionary relationships

Front 80

what group of organisms has the highest number of named species?

Back 80

insects

Front 81

approx. how many species have been named?

Back 81

~2 million

Front 82

according to the biological species concept, a species is a group of organisms that

Back 82

are able to breed together and produce fertile offspring

Front 83

all the living organisms in an area, along with the abiotic features, make up an

Back 83

ecosystem

Front 84

desert shrubs, which compete aggresively for limited water, usually have a (?) dispersion pattern

Back 84

uniform

Front 85

in a population, a measure of the number of individuals per unit ares (ex: number per sq. mi.) is called

Back 85

density

Front 86

with respect to life history strategies, what best describes r selected species?

Back 86

they live in unpredictable environments, and produce many "cheap" offspring

Front 87

over the past 2000 years the human population has been experiencing what kind of growth

Back 87

exponential

Front 88

what is true regarding a populations carrying capacity?

Back 88

carrying capacity is the max number of individuals that the environment can support

Front 89

what are some density dependent factors that affect population growth? (4)

Back 89

predation.

competition for resources.

disease.

stress. (from carrying capacity)

Front 90

what are some density independent factors that affect population growth?

Back 90

extreme weather, natural disasters.

asteroid strike destroys planet.

improved access to contraceptives

Front 91

a species functional role in its environment, including where it lives and what it eats, is called its:

Back 91

niche