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241 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When 2 solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane and osmosis is allowed to take place the water will
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exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration
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A cell that neither gains nor loses water when it is immersed in a solution is
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Isotonic to its environment
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An enzymes function is dependent on its
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shape
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A rock on top of a mountain contains
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potential energy
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The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the
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active site
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Principle that energy can not be created nor destroyed
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Conservation of Energy
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What compound directly provides energy for work
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ATP
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Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by
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decreasing activation energy
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Usually enzymes are
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Proteins
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A meausre of disorder
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Entropy
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Energy is transformed from ATP to other molecules by transferring
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A phosphate group
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ATP is
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potential energy
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Energy is
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the ability to do work
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As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of
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2 ATP
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The 2nd stage of aerobic respiration is
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Krebs Cycle
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Waste product of cellular respiration include
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Water & Carbon dioxide
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Equation for aerboic cellular respiration glucose & oxygen
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carbon dioxide + water + energy
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Which is completely true
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Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reductions is the gain of electrons
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Final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is
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Oxygen
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Where in cell does glycolysis occur?
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Cytoplams
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Product of glycolysis
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pyruvic acid
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Anaerobic means
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without o2
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aerobic means
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oxygen
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Aerobic cellular respiration generates about
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38 ATP from one glucose
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Which reaction produces the most NADH
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Krebs Cycle
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Which metabolic pathway is common to aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown
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Glycolysis
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Basic unit of life
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Cells
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Most closely associated with Darwin
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Natural Selection
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Difference between tissue and organ system
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An organ system includes tissues
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Biology is
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the study of life
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Discovery science is primarily based on
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Observation
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Hypothesis vs Theories
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Theories are more comprehensive
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What will hapeen if you do not properly finish your antibiotic prescription
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You promote the evolution of bacteria resistant to the antibiotic
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The aspect of biology that unites all the diverse fields
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evolution
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DNA of a eukaryotic cell is found in the
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nucleus
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The lower the PH of a solution
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The more acidic
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Hydrogens and oxygen of water are held together by
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covalent bonds
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Berylliums atomic mass is 9, atomic # is 4, how many neutrons
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5
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Nitrogen has an atomic # of 7, how many electrons are in the outermost electron shell?
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5
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Atom with an electrical chage
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Ion
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Joining adjacent water molecules
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Hydrogen Bonds
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Second electron shell of an atom can hold a max of
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8 electrons
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When a base is added to a buffered solution the buffer will
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Donate H+ ions
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Waters surface tension and heat storage capacity are accounted for by its
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Hydrogen bonds
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What name is given to bonds that involve the sharing of electrons?
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Covalent
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Sugar dissolves when stirred into water. Sugar is ______, Water is ______, Sweetened water is ________.
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Solute, solvent, solution
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All atoms of an element have the same # of
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Protons
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Which is not a component of an amino acid
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phosphate group
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Which is an amino group
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-NH2
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What are saturated fats saturated with?
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Hydrogen
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Carbs are defined as
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being made of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
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What name is given to the following reaction. Sucrose + water--> glucose + fructose
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Hydrolysis
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A steroid
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estrogen
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Nucleic acids are polymers of
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Nucleotide monomers
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What name is given to the following reaction? Galactose + Glucose---> Lactose + Water
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dehydration synthesis
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A single carbon atom can form a maximum of how many covalent bonds?
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4
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Proteins are polymers constructed from
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Amino acid monomers
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A hydroxyl group
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-OH
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Plant cells unlike animal cells are characterized by the presence of
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Cell wall and central vacuole
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Which is a function of the plasma membrane?
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Regulation of the passage of material into and out of the cell
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If a cells lysosomes burst, the cell would
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Digest itself
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What's the name of the organelle that manufactures the components of ribosomes
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Nucleolus
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Major lipids of plasma membranes
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Phospholipids
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What theory states that all living things are composed of cells
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Cell theory
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Microtubules are a component of
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The cytoskeleton
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Where does protein synthesis take place?
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Ribosomes
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Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis
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Chloroplast
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2 basic types of cells are
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Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic
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Osmosis can be defined as
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Diffusion of water through a membrane
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Diffusion is an example of
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Passive transport
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In a hypotonic solation a plant cell will
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become turgid
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If placed in tap water an animal cell will undergo lysis a plant cell will not what accounts for the difference
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Relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall
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Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires _______ and moves a substance _______ its concetration gradient
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Transport proteins, down
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Active transport
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All of the above
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In Eukaryotic Cells, the chromosomes are found in what organelle?
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Nucleus
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What is the name of hte structure that joins the sister chromatids?
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Centromere
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A chromosome that is in the shape of an "X" is known as a duplicated chromosome. What is the term for the two "sides" of a duplicated chromosome?
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Chromatids
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The diploid cell in humans has 46 chromosomes. How many of these are autosomes?
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44
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Genes are specific instructions carried on ________. The specific place or address is called the _________.
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Chromosomes, Locus
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Which of the following presents the correct order of stages in one complete cell cycle?
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Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
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What is the result of crossing over in late prophase I of meiosis?
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Genetic Recombination
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Which of the following stages is NOT part of mitosis?
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Interphase
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How many individual cells are needed for asexual reproduction?
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1
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Interphase, the longest stage in the cell cycle, includes all of the following except:
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Chromatin becomes tightly coiled
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What is the probability that a son will inherit a X-linked recessive trait from his father?
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O%
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A person who is heterozygous for an autosomal recessive disorder is
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a carrier
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Codominance
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the heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes
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Hybid
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The result of crossing two different purebreeds
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Homozygous
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Carries two copies of the same allele for a gene
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Polygenic Trait
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shows a continuous or bell curve distribution
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Incomplete Dominance
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the phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes
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Locus
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specific location of a gene of a chromosome
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Allele
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Alternate form of a gene
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Genotype
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the genetic makeup of an organism
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Phenotype
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physical characteristics of an organism
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What type of genes do not adhere to Mendels Principle of Independent Assortment?
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Linked
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What is the expected phenotpic ration from a double heterozygous dihybrid cross?
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9:3:3:1
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When you don't know the genotype of an individual expressing the dominant trait, you would cross this individual with an individual who
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Is homozygous recessive for that trait
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According to Mendels Principle of Segregation
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Gametes have one copy of each allele
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Hairy ears is a y-linked trait. A man with hairy ears has a daughter who has a son with a man who does not have hairy ears. What's the probability that the man w/hairy ears grandson has hairy ears?
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0%
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A plant that is homozygous for yellow seeds is crossed w/ a plant that is homozygous for green seeds. All of the seeds in the offspring of this cross are yellow. Why?
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The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele
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What is the sex chromosome complement for the normal female?
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XX
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I short hair (L) is dominant to long hair (l), animals LL and ll have the same
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genes
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Describe a cell that went through the stages of mitosis but not cytokinesis
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It would have two nuclei
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Stage in the cell cycle that must come before a nuclear division is
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Interphase
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Which is not true of human chromosomes?
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Human gametes end up with two of each type of the 23 chromosomes
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After replication:
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each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand
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In DNA, double helix adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with _______.
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Thymine, Cytosine
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Who was the first person to discover and make a model of the structure of DNA?
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Watson & Crick
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If Adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine?
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30%
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The backbone of DNA consists of
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a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern
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In order to reproduce, HIV must use its own
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Reverse transcriptase
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How many amino acids are common to all living systems?
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20
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Which of these is always true with regards to a DNA double helix?
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THe amount of adenine is equal to the amt of thymine & the amt of guanine is equal to the amt of cytosine
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Translation Coverts the information stored in ____________ into a ______________.
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RNA, polypeptide
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How can viral DNA be spread from cell to cell without causing cell death?
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Via a lysogenic cycle
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The RNA that is translated is ____________ RNA
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Messenger
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Which nitrogen bases are double-ringed purines?
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Adenine & Guanine
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DNA and RNA are polymers of _____________ monomers
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Nucleotide
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What is the ultimate source of all diversity?
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Mutation
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The mRNA codon UCA codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon ___________.
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AGU
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Viruses that infect bacteria are ___________.
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phages
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What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism?
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Phenotype
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HOw many nucleotides make up a codon?
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3
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HIV is responsible for
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AIDS
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If one strand of DNA double helix has the sequence GTCCAT, what's the sequence of the other strand?
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CAGGTA
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What is transcription?
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The manufacture of a strand of RNA complementray to a strand of DNA
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What type of bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands?
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Hydrogen
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RNA contains __________, whereas DNA contains________.
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Uracil;Thymine
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Peptide bonds forms between __________
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Amino Acids
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What is the site of translation?
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Ribosomes
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A chromosomes gene sequence that was ABCDEFG before mutation & ABCDLMNOP afterward is an exaple of
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Translocation
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Which is not an example of a virus
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Strep
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Mutations can be
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All of the above
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Which is a mutation-producing chemical?
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Mutagen
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What will be the approximate shape of the age-structure diagram of a stable population?
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a Rectangle
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Type I survivorship curves are typical of species that exhibit
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few offspring, good parental care
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In the absense of limiting factors, a populations growth follows a(n) ______ model.
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Exponential
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Species that exhibit an equilibrial life history typically
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have a population size close to carrying capacity
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A survivorship curve in which most organisms die very early in life and few survice to adulthood
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is called an opportunistic life history
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What is the primary source of energy in nearly all of Earth's ecosystems?
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sunlight
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The maximum population size that can be supported by available environmental resources defines
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Carrying capacity
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Over time, the populations of most species
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are relatively stable
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Competition among individuals of the same species is _________ competition
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Intraspecific
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The number of individuals of a population per unit area is the _________
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population density
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What level of ecology is concerned w/ both the biotic and abiotic aspects of an environment?
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Ecosystem
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What level of ecology is concerned w/ groups of individuals of different species?
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Community
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What is a population?
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A group of organisms of the same species isolated in space and time
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In the presence of limiting factors, a population's growth follows a _________ model.
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logistic
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Which of these best describes Type II survivorship?
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relatively constant death rate throughout the life span
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What level of ecology is concerned with the adaptations of individuals?
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Organism
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Which of these best describes Type III survivorship?
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Very high death rate very early in life followed by a decline in death rate
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Opportunistic species typically
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have a high rate of reproduction
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Which of the following is abiotic?
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a rock
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What level of ecology is concerned w/ groups of individuals of the same species?
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population
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What are estuaries?
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regions where fresh water & salt water mix
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A mosquito that lives off of the blood of birds and mammals is an example of
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parasitism
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In an aquatic ecosystem, what name is given to the region where photosynthesis can occur?
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photic zone
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The Sahara Desert and the Negev Desert belong to the same
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biome
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What of these organisms are ultimately responsible for making energy available to the other organimsms listed here?
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Producers
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Which of these biomes is one of the most biologically productive of all biomes?
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Estuaries
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how does energy flow differ from chemical cycling?
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Energy flow is unidirectional; chemical elements can be recycled
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What type of bacteria convert nitrogen from a form that can be assimilated by plants into N2?
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denitrifying bacteria
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Overgrazing of savannas can result in the formation of
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desert
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Which of these convert organic matter into inorganic matter by breaking down dead organisms?
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Detritivores
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Which of these organisms converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form that can be utilized by plants?
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Prokaryotes
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Organisms at the first trophic level are
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autotrophs
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Plants take is carbon dioxide from _________ and in the process of _____________ build carbohydrates
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Air, photosynthesis
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In the food chain grass-->antelope--->human--->lion, the human is a
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secondary consumer
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Bacteria and fungi that feed on wastes and decomposing organisms in an ecosystem are examples of
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Detritivores
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Populations of two coexisting species both only feed at the third trophic level. What relationship may exist between these two organisms?
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Competition
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Humans are
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omnivores
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Which of the following was NOT presented as an example of an introduced species?
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Timber Wolves in Minnesota
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Introduced species can have important effects on biological communities by
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doing all of the above
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The primary goal of conservation biology is to
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counter the loss of biodiversity
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Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on the current biodiversity crisis?
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Introduced species
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On a per capita basis, _________ consumes more energy than the other locations listed here
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The U.S.
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Modern conservation science increasingly aims at
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Sustaining biodiversity of entire communities
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Habitat fragmentation
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Increases the availability of edges
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The single greatest threat to biodiversity is
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Habitat destruction
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Biodiversity hot spots are identified according to
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All of the above
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Several years ago I was corssing the border from Canda to the US... ............
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There may have been a species that was not native to the U.S. hitching a ride on my apples
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Approximately _____ living species have been named and described
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1.7 million
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In order to better understand the extent of current extinctions, it will be necessary to do which of the following?
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identify more of the yet unknown species of organisms on our planet
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Small areas that exhibit exceptionally high species diversity are reffered to as
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biodiversity hot spots
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The oldest known fossils are from about _____ years ago.
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3.5 billion
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The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of
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common ancestry
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In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does 2pq represent?
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frequency of heterozygotes
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The presence of freckles is due to a dominant allele. Four percent of the individuals in a particular population lack freckles. Use the Hardy-Weinberg formula to calculate the percentage of individuals in this population who are homozygous dominant for freckles
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64%
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All of the alleles of all of the genes within a population defines that population's
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gene pool
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Natural selection can be defined as
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Descent with modification
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Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?
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the birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same
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Homology is evidence of
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common ancestry
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement of natural selection?
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Catastrophic events
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Which of the following is an example of diversifying selection?
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in different parts of Africa a tasty butterfly species mimcs different distasteful butterfly species
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The use of molecular biology in the study of evolutionary relationships would NOT specifically apply to the study of
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Forelimb structure
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What does Darwinian fitness measure?
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Reproductive Success
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What is genetic drift?
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chance changes in the gene pool of a small population
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Any particular mutation is most likely to
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be neutral
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The smallest unit of evolution is
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population
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Which of the following is an example of directional selection?
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The increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria
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Gene flow is accomplished by
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Migration
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Which of the following is most likely explanation for the Amish having a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole
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founder effect
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Which of the following is a population?
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the termites infesting your house
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In the African tropics the maintenance of the sickle-cell allele in the human population can be attributed to
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stabilizing selection
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What term is used to refer to structures that have a similar origin or ancestry even though they may be very different in appearance
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homologous
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When two frog species, Rana Pipiens and Rana sylvatica, mate, the offspring die early in embryonic development. This is an example of
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Hybrid inviability
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What name is given to the single supercontinent that formed near the end of the Paleozoic?
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Pangaea
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Of the following taxonomic levels, species found within the same _______ are most closely related
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Family
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Which of the following is a species name?
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Sapiens
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Which of the following taxonomic levels is most inclusive?
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Class
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Analogous structures are evidence of
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Convergent evolution
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Biological species consist of groups of
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Populations
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Speciation as a result of genetic isolation without geographic isolation is referred to as
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sympatric speciation
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When brought together in a zoo, two species are capable of mating and producing fertile offspring. Why may they still be considered two distinct species?
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Zoos are artifical environments
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Dinosaurs were extinct by the end of the
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Cretaceous
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According to island biogeography, the larger an island, the _____.
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greater the species richness
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A reproductive barrier that prevents species from mating is an example of
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a pre-zygotic barrier
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The biological species concept cannot be applied to
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Bacteria
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What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is described by a situation in which female fireflies only mate with males who emit light in a particular pattern?
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Behavioral isolation
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On what basis are populations assigned to the same biological species?
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they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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The science of naming organisms is called
|
Taxonomy
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The current geological era is the
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Cenozoic
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Which of the following are primarily responsible for an unfortunate side effect of eating beans
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Methanogens
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The prokaryotic group that tends to inhabit extreme environments belongs to
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Domain Archaea
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Which of the following would NOT support endosymbiosis theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts
|
Both are capable of existing independently of the larger cell
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Some _______ convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants
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Prokaryotes
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Prokaryotes reproduce by means of
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Binary fission
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Bacilli are _______ prokaryotes
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rod-shaped
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The simplest eukaryotes are classified as
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protists
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Nutritionally, most protozoans are
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Chemoheterotrophs
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Under ideal conditions, prokaryotes are capable of reproducing at a __________ rate.
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exponential
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Which of the following are most plantlike?
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Green Algae
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Bacteria that occur in grapelike clusters are
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Staphylococci
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_________ are responsible for toxic red tides
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Dinflagellates
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Eukaryotes arose about _____________ years after the first prokaryotes
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2.0 billion
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Which protozoan group consists soley of parasitic forms?
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Apicomplexans
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You discover a prokaryote that can make its own food in the absense of light. Nutritionally, you would classify this prokaryote as a
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Chemoautotroph
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Which kingdom(s) was (were) the first to colonize land?
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Plantae and Fungi
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You discover a unicellular organism that moves by what appear to be pseudopodia. You conclude that this organism is______
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either a type of amoeba or a type of slime mold
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Which of these is arranged in the appropriate sequence from the earliest to the most recent?
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Origin of Earth, Origin of Prokaryotes, Beginning of the accumulation of atmospheric oxygen, Oldest Eukaryotic cell fossils, Origin of Multicellular Eukaryotes, Colonization of land by plants and fungi, First humans
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