Biology Exam Iv - Dna & Rna

Front 1

Nucleic Acids

Back 1

Very large, complex molecules that store and process information inside of the cell; made up of monomers called nucleotides

Front 2

DNA shape is...

Back 2

a double helix

Front 3

DNA sugar is...

Back 3

deoxyribose

Front 4

The nitrogen bases of DNA are...

Back 4

Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine

Front 5

DNA pairs:

Back 5

A-T, C-G (if given one strand of DNA, one can figure out the complementary strand)

Front 6

DNA Replication: Step 1

Back 6

Enzymes break the H bonds holding together paired bases & the pairs separate so that the molecule "unzips" down the middle

Front 7

DNA Replication: Step 2

Back 7

The two strands will unwind from each other

Front 8

DNA Replication: Step 3

Back 8

Each strand serves as a template to produce a new strand

Front 9

DNA Replication: Step 4

Back 9

An enzyme, DNA polymerase, moves along each of the template strands and "chooses" the correct nucleotide to insert at a particular location, due to complementary base pairing rules; the base pairs are joined by H bonds

Front 10

DNA Replication: Step 5

Back 10

Adjacent nucleotides become joined together through their sugar-phosphate components

Front 11

DNA Replication: Step 6

Back 11

The end result is a formation of a new strand that is complementary to the original strand

Front 12

DNA replication is semi-conservative (half-saved, half-conserved) because...

Back 12

each daughter molecule consists of one old (original) and one new (nascent) strand

Front 13

Mutations in DNA replication DO occur, but are rare because...

Back 13

DNA polymerase has a "proof-reading" function

Front 14

Mutation

Back 14

a small-scale change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene

Front 15

In Early Interphase there are __ chromosomes and __ DNA molecules

Back 15

46; 46

Front 16

In Late Interphase there are __ chromosomes __ DNA molecules

Back 16

46; 92

Front 17

In sperm there are __ chromosomes and __ DNA molecules

Back 17

23; 23

Front 18

Genes → __

Back 18

Proteins (polypeptides)

Front 19

Proteins (polypeptides) → __

Back 19

Enzymes

Front 20

Enzymes → __

Back 20

Metabolism

Front 21

Metabolism → __

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Phenotypes

Front 22

Archibald Garnod

Back 22

A man who studied diseases that ran in families, specifically alkaptonuria, which he hypothesized was due to a defective gene that did not break down the substance in the disease; said "one gene, one enzyme" which evolved into "one gene, one polypeptide"

Front 23

Alkaptonuria

Back 23

an inheritable disease studied by Garnod that secretes a substance that causes urine to turn black when exposed to air and led to arthritis

Front 24

RNA

Back 24

Ribose Nucleic Acid

Front 25

First Major Phase of Protein Synthesis

Back 25

Transcription: the transfer of information from DNA to RNA; the genetic code is transcribed or rewritten in the form of an mRNA transcript

Front 26

Second Major Phase of Protein Synthesis

Back 26

Translation: the transfer of information from RNA to protein; the order of the bases in mRNA determines the order of amino acids in the polypeptide

Front 27

Differences Between DNA and RNA (1)

Back 27

The sugar in RNA is ribose, not deoxyribose

Front 28

Differences Between DNA and RNA (2)

Back 28

RNA contains the nitrogen base Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T); in it, Uracil is complementary to Adenine

Front 29

Differences Between DNA and RNA (3)

Back 29

RNA is single-stranded and does not have a regular helical structure

Front 30

Differences Between DNA and RNA (4)

Back 30

RNA is found mostly in the cytoplasm

Front 31

There are 3 types of RNA, all of which are made by...

Back 31

being "transcribed" from DNA in the nucleus

Front 32

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 32

the type of RNA that carries instructions on how to build a polypeptide from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes, where the information is translated into amino acid sequences

Front 33

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 33

makes up the ribosomes (which are roughly half rRNA and half protein); most abundant type of RNA in a cell

Front 34

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 34

functions as an interpreter in translation; each molecule has a specific anticodon, picks up a specific amino acid, and conveys the acid to the appropriate codon on mRNA

Front 35

Protein Synthesis

Back 35

DNA (transcription) → mRNA (translation) → polypeptides

Front 36

A genetic code is a "triplet code" because...

Back 36

a sequence of 3 bases in DNA specifies a codon in the mRNA

Front 37

Codon

Back 37

a sequence of 3 bases in mRNA that specifies an amino acid in the polypeptide