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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What elements must DNA contain?
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*Nucleotides
-3components -5carbon sugars -Ribose derivative -Phosphate group -Nitrogen-containing base. |
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What are the four nitrogen bases in DNA?
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*Adenine
*Thymine *Guanine *Cytosine |
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What are the types of bases needed in DNA?
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Purines-Adenine and Guanine-Two rings.
Pyrimidines-Thymine and Cytosine-One Ring. |
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What did Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin do?
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Attempted to determine DNA Structure.
Also discovered DNA was a Helix. |
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What did Erwin Chargaff do?
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Observed that the four nitrogen bases conformed to a rule.
-Amount of Adenine=Amount of Thymine -Amount of Cytosine=Amount of Guanine |
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DNA Double helix
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* Consists two strands of nucleotides.
*Nucleotides bonded together vertically with covalent bonds -Adenine hydrogen bonds with Thymine -Cytosine hydrogen bonds with Guanine. |
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How does DNA Replicate itself?
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DNA Replication
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What is DNA Replication?
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-Procedes cell divison
Process *DNA Strands separtate(New complementary base pairs are added forming a new strand). * Result Two double helices(Each containing one old strand of DNA and one new strand of DNA). |
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What is a Genome?
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The information stored in all the DNA of a single set of chromosomes.
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What is a Gene?
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Blueprint of the synthesis of a protein.
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What are proteins?
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Polymers made of amino acids connected end-to-end
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Similar to beads on a string
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What is Transcription?
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The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. The new RNA synthesized
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What is Translation?
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The process by which amino acids are assembled into a protein molecule.
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What does Translation involve?
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The Ribosomes, Messenger RNA, Tranfer RNA and other Molecules. The Messenger RNA Determines the sequence of the amino acids in the protein.
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To Line up the amino acids what is the order needed?
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The mRNA must be complementary tot he anticodon(tRNA). Translation continues until ribosome encounters a stop condon.
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What is Gentic Code?
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Information contained in a gene (DNA) for the synthesis of a protein.
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What is Gene Expression
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Genes that are always transcribed and translated.
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What did Jacob and Monod do?
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-Studied digestion of lactose in bacteria.
-Dicovered the lac operon. |
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What is Gene Expression in Eukaryotes?
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-Regulated at the same level of transcription.
-Transcriptions requires transcription factors -Regulatory sequence(Blinding DNA). -Transcription factors can increase or decrease rate of transcription |
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What are mutations?
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A permanent change in the genetic material of cell or organism.
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What is Polyploid?
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Organism or cell containing three or more sets of chromosomes.
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Where does Polyploid occur?
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-When there is an error in cell divison
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What is Nondisjunction?
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Instances when paired chromosomes fail to separate during mitosis or meiosis
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Downs Syndrome
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Due to Nondisjunction with chromosome 21
Total number of chromosomes 47 |
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What is Transponsons?
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A variety of DNA sequences that can randomly insert themseleves by transposition in various non homologous regions on the chromosomes and other DNA.
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What do transponsons do?
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They are traveling chunks that can generate new gene combonations but also can induce gene errors.
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What are point Mutations?
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A change in a single nucleotide base pair.
(EX:Sickle Cell Anemia) |
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What are Frame shift mutations?
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A change in reading frame resulting from an insertion or deletion of necleotides in the DNA sequence for a protein. (extremely harmful)
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