Biology Exam 3

Front 1

Laws of Physics Limits Function

Back 1

1. Blood flow thru vasculture

2. Lever action of skeletal muscle

3. Movement of substances across cell membrane

4. body size

Front 2

4 types of tissue

Back 2

1. Epithelial

2. Nervous

3. Connective

4. Muscle

Front 3

apical

Back 3

surface cavity

Front 4

cuboidal

Back 4

square shaped cells-ducts and kidneys

Front 5

columnar

Back 5

lining the gut, taller than they are wide

Front 6

squamous

Back 6

very flat; any place where gas exchange takes place

Front 7

proteoglycans

Back 7

protein that has a different charge to attract H2O, has structure but filled with fluid

Front 8

adipose tissue

Back 8

one single droplet of fat; fat is storage of fuel; also insulating and protective delicate structures

Front 9

actin (light pink) myosin (purple)

Back 9

proteins to make cells shorten up, which allows or generates force and creates movement

Front 10

intercalated disks

Back 10

contains gap junctions and desmosomes in muscle cells

Front 11

hemolymph

Back 11

blood and interstitial fluid

Front 12

austea

Back 12

opens and closes with the contraction of the heart in order to keep it moving in one direction

Front 13

Portal circulation

Back 13

When vessels connect two capillary beds together

Front 14

systematic capillaries

Back 14

capillaries that deliver blood to other parts of the body

Front 15

pulmocutaneous

Back 15

respiratory surface through the skin

Front 16

bradycardia

Back 16

heart beat is less than 60 bpm

Front 17

tachycardia

Back 17

heart beat is greater then 100 bpm

Front 18

cardiac output equation

Back 18

CO=HR*stroke volume

Front 19

stroke volume

Back 19

volume of blood pumped in 1 heart beat

Front 20

cardiac output

Back 20

volume of blood pumped in 1 minute

Front 21

autoryhthmic cell (pacemaker cells)

Back 21

spontaneously generate an electrical signal (action potential)

Front 22

threshold potential

Back 22

amount of change necessary in the membrane potential before the signal can be sent

Front 23

depolarization

Back 23

when the inside of the cell gets more positive

Front 24

repolarization

Back 24

when the cell returns to its resting value

Front 25

pacemaker potential

Back 25

slow gradual depolarization that eventually starts the electrical signal in the heart

Front 26

P-wave

Back 26

represents atrial depolarization

Front 27

QRS

Back 27

represents ventricular depolarization

Front 28

T-wave

Back 28

represents ventricular repolarization

Front 29

hematocrit

Back 29

% of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

Front 30

albumin

Back 30

plasma protein that also acts as a pH buffer, acts as a carrier molecule for hormones

Front 31

fribrinogen

Back 31

important for blood clotting

Front 32

immunoglobulins

Back 32

defense

Front 33

peripheral vascular resistance

Back 33

determines how much work has to be done to force blood into the vessels

Front 34

vascoconstruction

Back 34

radius decreases (muscle contracts)

Front 35

vasodilation

Back 35

radius increases and muscle relaxes

Front 36

laminar

Back 36

silent flow; blood flows in parallel streams; shouldn't make any sound

Front 37

turbulent

Back 37

noisy blood flow

Front 38

fenestrations

Back 38

where we want fluid to leave (pores)

Front 39

osmotic pressure

Back 39

ions and proteins that causing a pulling force

Front 40

hydrostatic pressure

Back 40

pressure inside the tube; fluid pushing on the walls of the vessel; pressure of fluid inside the system; pushing force

Front 41

autonomic nervous system

Back 41

modifies cardiac output

Front 42

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 42

the system that slows down heart rate and lowers CO (rest and digest

Front 43

sympathetic nervous system

Back 43

increases heart rate and force of contraction (fight or flight), raises CO

Front 44

vagus nerve

Back 44

main nerve of the parasympathetic system; sends branches into the heart to slow down pacemaker cells and slow down depolarization; in short stimulation slows down heart rate

Front 45

edema

Back 45

fluid being shifted from capillary to interstitial space but not returned from lymphatics

Front 46

ventilation

Back 46

movement of air into and out of the respiratory system

Front 47

respiration

Back 47

gas exchange

Front 48

external respiration

Back 48

gas exchange in pulmonary lungs

Front 49

internal respiration

Back 49

gas exchange between systematic tissues of the body and capillaries

Front 50

Dalton's Law

Back 50

Total pressure from a mixture of gases equals the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

Partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its % in the mixture

Front 51

respiratory pigments

Back 51

increase the amount of O2 blood can carry; have an ion to bind to, increases capability of the blood to carry O2

Front 52

hemoglobin

Back 52

made up of an iron molecule at its core and carries 4 molecules of O2 because of 4 chains and 4 heme groups

Front 53

hemocynanins

Back 53

increase carrying capacity of O2 for some inverterbrates

Front 54

Bohr shift

Back 54

CO2 lowers blood pH and decreases the true affinity if hemoglobin for O2

Front 55

cooperative binding

Back 55

if one O2 oxygen molecule binds the other three are more likely to bind also or vice versa for release

Front 56

carbonic anhydrase

Back 56

ion that facilitates CO2 turning into carbonic acid

Front 57

Respiratory media

Back 57

contains the source we are interested in (O2)

Front 58

countercurrent exchange

Back 58

involves 2 fluids moving in opposite directions; fluids flow in opposite directions increases O2 because of simple diffusion past the capillaries

Front 59

Tracheal systems in insects

Back 59

a system where body cells are in close proximity to air sacs; skeletal muscle contracts, pushing air out of sacs

Front 60

positive pressure breathing

Back 60

inhale and the muscles contract to push air into the lungs

Front 61

negative pressure breathing

Back 61

inhale and the muscles contract to pull air into the lungs

Front 62

Boyle's Law

Back 62

P1V1=P2V2

Front 63

inhalation

Back 63

diaphragm contracts (moves down)

Front 64

Exhalation

Back 64

diaphragm moves up