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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is cellular respiration?
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the process of the production of the ATP
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What type of reaction is cellular respiration?
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catabolic reaction to liberate energy
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breakdown
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What does ATP stand for?
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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Where does cellular respiration occur?
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in the mitochondria
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What does cellular respiration consume?
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Oxygen and organic molecules, like glucose
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What happens when ATP energizes a molecule?
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The ATP gives the molecule one of its phosphates, making the molecule phosphorylated. This makes the ATP become ADP with only two phosphates.
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What does it mean when a substance is oxidized or goes through oxidation?
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it loses electrons or loses hydrogen (also called dehydrogenation); gain of oxygen
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What does it mean when something is reduced or goes through reduction?
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it gains electrons or gains hydrogen; loss of oxygen
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What is a hydrogen ion?
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a proton
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What happens in redox reactions?
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electrons carry energy from one molecule to another
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What is NADH?
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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide plus a H ion
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What is NAD+?
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an electron carrier
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What is aerobic respiration?
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respiration where the final electron acceptor is Oxygen
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What is anaerobic respiration?
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respiration where the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule
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What is fermentation?
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respiration where the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule
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What are the 4 stages of respiration?
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1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate Oxidation 3. Kreb's cycle (citric acid cycle) 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Where does Glycolysis occur?
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in the cytosol, not the mitochondrion
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Glycolysis splits the glucose molecule into what?
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2 pyruvate molecules with 3 carbons each
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How many steps are there in Glycolysis and what are the 3 phases?
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there are 10 steps divided into 3 phases:
1. Energy investment phase 2. Cleavage phase 3. Energy liberation or pay off phase |
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How many ATPs have to be invested to start the Glycolysis reaction?
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2
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What happens in the cleavage phase of Glycolysis?
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6-C molecules split into 2 3-C molecules
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What happens in the energy liberation phase of Glycolysis?
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4 ATPs are made total and molecules of NADH are produced
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What is the net gain of Glycolysis?
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2 ATP because the other 2 are used to start the reaction again
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What is produced in pyruvate oxidation per each pyruvate molecule?
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Carbon dioxide (released as waste gas), NADH, and Acetyl CoA (2 carbons from the pyruvate are attached to coenzyme A)
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Where do all of the NADH molecules formed throughout cellular respiration end up?
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in the last phase of cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation
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What helps the pyruvate molecules move into the mitochondrion after glycolysis?
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a protein
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What does the Citric Acid Cycle start with?
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Oxaloacetate, a 4 carbon molecule. Then the Acetyl CoA molecule reacts with Oxaloacetate forming a 6 carbon molecule (the first stable molecule) called a citrate molecule
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Where is CO2 generated in the Citric Acid Cycle?
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in steps 3 and 4 only
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How many ATP are produced by the Kreb's cycle?
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1 ATP
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What is regenerated at the end of the Kreb's cycle?
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Oxaloacetate
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How many NADH are formed TOTAL after the Kreb's cycle?
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total=6 NADH because the Kreb's cycle must turn around 2 times to get both acetyl CoA molecules
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do not forget there are two!!!
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What are the products of the Kreb's Cycle?
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FADH2, 6 NADH, and 4 CO2 molecules. (fadh2 goes into the final stage like NADH)
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What is FADH2?
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Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide
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How does ATP form in the Kreb's cycle?
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forms from ADP
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What is the electron transport chain?
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the line of carrier molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
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What enzyme churns out the accumulation of H+ from the intermembrane space?
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ATP synthase
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What is it called when the final electron acceptor(O2) inside the matrix combines immediately with H+ to form water?
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metabolic water
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Where at the H ions concentrated as electrons are transported through the electron transport chain?
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the intermembrane space, making it acidic
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How does the ATP form in oxidative phosphorylation?
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the rushing of H ions into the matrix forms energy that is harnessed and used to make ADP react with the phosphate in the matrix to form ATP
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What do NADH and FADH2 do in the final stage?
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They release they're Hydrogen to let the electrons be transferred thru the chain and the H+ be released into the intermembrane space
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How many ATP molecules are formed total in oxidative phosphorylation?
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32
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How many ATP are formed total through cellular respiration?
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36
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What are two examples of fermentation?
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the production of lactic acid and the production of ethanol
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Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for:
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-growth and development
-repair |
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How do bacteria divide?
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binary fission
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What is cytogenetics?
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the field of genetics involving microscopic examination of chromosomes and cell division
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What are heterochromatin?
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traits that are not expressed or seen
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What are euchromatin?
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traits you can see that are expressed
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What are eukaryotic chromosomes?
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linear chromosomes
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How many pairs and total chromosomes do humans have?
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23 pairs of chromosomes and 46 chromosomes total
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What are autosomes and how many do we have?
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22 pairs in humans - they determine all our other traits like eye color or hair color
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How many and what are sex chromosomes?
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1 pair in humans and they determine sex like XX or XY
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What is in every pair of chromosomes?
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1 maternal chromosome and 1 paternal chromosome
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What are diploid cells?
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our somatic cells, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
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What are haploid cells?
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gamete have 1 member of each pair of chromosomes or 23 total chromosomes, our sex cells
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Triploid
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3 sets of chromosomes
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Cell Types
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somatic cells (diploid) and sex cells (haploid)
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What does a karyotype reveal?
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number, size, and form of chromosomes in an actively dividing cell
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What happens in the first growth phase of the cell cycle?
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cell grows to its adult and mature phase and decides to divide or not
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If the cell decides to not divide, where does it go?
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the cell exits the cell cycle and enters the G0 phase and will not divide
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How many times do cells generally divide before they enter the G0 phase?
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20-30 times
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What happens in the S phase?
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cells make preparations to divide and the cell replicates its DNA.
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What happens in the G2 phase?
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the bulk of the cytoplasm is made
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What are the stages of cell division for diploid cells?
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-interphase
-prophase -prometaphase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase -cytokinesis |
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What are sister chromatids?
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2 identical copies with associated proteins and they condense
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