Biology Exam #3

Front 1

Glycolysis

Back 1

anaerobic (no oxygen needed)
10 reactions that convert glucose to pyruvate, ATP & NADH

Front 2

kinase

Back 2

enzyme that adds a phosphate to another molecule

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Glucose

Back 3

6 carbon sugar
(C6H12O6)

Front 4

Glucose -> _____

Back 4

2 pyruvate
arrow=Glycolysis
(producing 2 ATP & 2 NADH)

Front 5

anaerobic

Back 5

no oxygen is present

Front 6

pyruvate -->
pyruvate oxidation -->

Back 6

alcohol or lactic acid
acetate (CO2+NADH are produced)

Front 7

citric acid chain

Back 7

happens in the mitochondria matrix
8 reactions produces ATP

Front 8

Electron Transport Chain

Back 8

NADH and FADH2 are used to create a concentration gradient of H+ (or protons)

Front 9

H+ ions move down the concentration gradient through ___

Back 9

ATP synthase and produce ATP

Front 10

Glycolysis happens in..

Back 10

Cytoplasm

Front 11

Pyruvate oxidation happen in...

Back 11

inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 12

Citric Acid Cycle happens in...

Back 12

mitochondrial matrix

Front 13

Electron transport chain happens in..

Back 13

mitochondria

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Prokaryotic Cells -

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Glyolysis
pyruvate oxidation
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain

Front 15

In the electron transport chain....

Back 15

oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor and produces water

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chromosomes are made of...

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DNA and protein (histones)

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DNA

Back 17

a polymer of nucleic acids (nucleotides) G A C T

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Prokaryotes

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usually have one circular chromosome

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E. Coli genome

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has ~4 million base pairs (nucleotide)
codes for ~4 thousand proteins

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Eukaryotes

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(Humans, mammals, plants) have multiple linear chromosomes

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Humans

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23 chromosomes (haploid number)
46 chromosomes (diploid number)

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haploid number

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one copy of each chromosome

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diploid number

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two copies (one from dad, one from mom)

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homologous chromosomes

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two similar chromosomes

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human genome

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~3.2 billion base pairs

Front 26

How do prokaryotes replicate?

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by binary fission.
=replicate their chromosome and divide in half

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Meiosis

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the process of producing haploid gametes from diploid cells
=gametes are haploid cells produced for sexual reproduction

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Meiosis phases

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Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telephase 1
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telephase 2

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Chromosomes are located in the ___

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nucleus

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Prophase 1

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-nucleus disintegrates
-spindle forms
-chromosome condensing
-homologous chromosomes pair and form a synaptonemal complex
-crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes (swap small piece of chromosome)
-chiasma are where crossing over occures

Front 31

kinetochare

Back 31

connects the spindle fibers to the centromere

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centromere

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spot in center that connects centrsome to centromere

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spindle fibers

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made of microtubles

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centrosomes

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made of centrioles

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Metaphase 1

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all chromosomes align at the center of cell (metaphase plate)

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Anaphase 1

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homologous chromosomes are pulled apart

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Telephase 1

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Cell divides in two

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Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telephase II

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sister chromatids are pulled apart (four gametes)

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non-disjunction

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error in chromosomes segregating

Front 40

Meiosis results in...

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haploid gametes for reproduction
-2 gametes can combine and form a zygote

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Mitosis starts with...

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a diploid cell and ends with two diploid cells

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pigments

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molecules that absorb light of a certain wavelength

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chlorophyll

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absorb red/blue, green bounces off

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photon excites an electron from the ground state to ----

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an excited state

Front 45

cyclic electron transport

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chlorophyll gets back the same electron at the end of the cycle
-yields ATP

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non-cyclic electron transport

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this is the source of an electron to fill the chlorphyll "electron hole".
-yields ATP and NAHPD
H20 --> O2 + 2H+

Front 47

Calvin cycle

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-ATP & NADPH are used to produce sugar
-CO2 is "fixed" with RUBP (5-carbon sugar) to produce a 6-Carbon sugar, that breaks down into 2, 3-Carbon sugars (3GP)
-The reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme called Rubisco

Front 48

Rubisco

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requires energy from ATP and NADPH

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3GP

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starch or sucrose (glucose+fructose)

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cellular respiration

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uses O2 form the environment and completely converts each pyruvate molecule to three molecules of CO2 through a set of metabolic pathways

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fermentation

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does not involve O2.
converts pyruvate into products such as lactic acid or ethyl alcohol.

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reduction

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the gain of one or more electrons by an atom, ion, or molecule

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Oxidation

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the loss of one or more electrons

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Calvin-Benson CYcle

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-doesnt use light directly
-uses ATP, NADPH + H+ and CO2

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light reactions

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driven by light energy
produces ATP

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ground state
excited state

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lower energy
higher energy

Front 57

pigments

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molecules that absorb wavelengths in the visible spectrum

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accessory pigments

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absorb phtoons intermediate in energy between the red and the blue wavelengths and then transfer a portion of that energy to the chlorophylls

Front 59

electron transport

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the passage of electrons through a series of proteins with a release of energy which may be captures in a concentration gradient or chemical form such as NADH or ATP