Biology Exam 1

Front 1

Root word/ Vocab list

Back 1

anti - blood thinner
bi - twice, double
hypo - under, below
leuko - white
macro - large
epi - upon
peri - around
tri - three
genesis - produce
clast - carve
blast - build
logoy - study of
phillic - loving
phobic - fearing

Hint 1

only the ones which she added to in class

Front 2

Define Anatomy and Physiology

Back 2

Anatomy - the study of structure

Physiology - the study of function

Front 3

What are the different types of antatomy?

Back 3

Systemic - studies body systems

Regional - studyies body regions

Hint 3

Regional is used in Medical school and Systemic is used for nursing and other non-doctoral medical professions.

Front 4

Know and understand the 7 structural levels of the ody and give eamples of each.

Back 4

1) Chemical - smallest (atoms)

2) Organelle - Basic component cells (nucleus)

3) Cell - basic unit of life (red)

4)Tissue - group of cells with similar structure and function (connective tissue i.e. cartilage)

5) Organ - group of 2 or more tissue types (heart)

6) Oragan System - group of organs (digestive)

7) Organism - highest level of organization (all structural levels working together)

Front 5

Know and understand the 6 charachteristics of life and give examples when necessary.

Back 5

1) Organization - 7 structural levels

2) Metabolism - ability to use energy (digestive)

3) Responsiveness - ability to sense changes in the enviroment and make adjustments

4) Growth - results in an increase in size

5) Differentiation - changes in cell structure and function from generalized to speacialized

6) Formation of new cells or organizations

Front 6

Define homeostasis, variable, and set point and be able to give examples of each.

Back 6

Homeostatsis - Maintenence of a constant internal enviroment (maintaining body temperature)

Variable - Conditions that change (enviroment and temperature)

Set Point - Ideal normal value (Blood Pressure, Body Temperature)

Hint 6

Temperature.

Front 7

What is negative feedback and the different components of negative feedback?

Back 7

Negative feedback is a mechanism that regulates homeostasis. Negative meaning a deviation from the set point.

Control Center - brain, establishes set point.

Receptor - Detects change (variable)

Effector - Responds to changes

Front 8

Be able to describe positive feedback and when it occurs.

Back 8

Positive feedback is a deviation from the set point that becomes greater.

Occurs???

Front 9

Define anatomical position, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, lateral, medial, proximal, and distal.

Back 9

Anatomical - Person with palms up and feet forward.

Superior - above

Inferior - below

Anterior - in front of

Posterior - in back of

Medial - close to the midline

Lateral - away from the midline

Proximal - cloes to the point of attachment

Distal - far fromt he point of attachment

Hint 9

Spinal cord is Postieror to the belly button

Front 10

Define the following planes: sagittal, midsagittal, transverse, and frontal.

Back 10

Sagittal - runs vertically and seperates the body into left to right

Midsagittal - runs down the middle and divdes the body into equal left and right

Transverse - Runs horizontally and seperates the bod into top and bottom

Frontal - runs vertically and sperates the body into front and back

Front 11

Define the following body regions: upper limbs, lower limbs, central, and trunk.

Back 11

upper limbs - upper arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.

lower limbs - thigh, lowerlegs, ankle, and foot

Central - head, neck, and trunk.

Trunk - chest, abdomen, and pelvis

Front 12

Define the following body cavities and know which organs are located in the different cavitites: Throatic, abdominal, pelivc, pericardial, peritoneal, mediastinum, and pleural.

Back 12

Throatic - lungs, heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea.

Mediastinum - divides the throacic cavity into left and right

Abdominal - liver, stomach, spleen, intestines, kidney, pancreas

Pelivc - diaphram (seperates thraocic and abdominal)
bladder, and reproductive organs

Pericardial - around the heart

Pleural - around the lungs

Peritoneal - around the abdominal pelvic cavity

Hint 12

a bunch of stuff you won't remember.

Front 13

Define serous membrane, visceral, parietal, and mesentery.

Back 13

serous membrane -covers organs and lines cavity walls

visceral - covers organs (heart surface)

Parietal - lines cavity walls (around the pleural cavity)

mesentery - double layeed membrane that covers organs and anchors them to the body wall

Hint 13

visceral - heart surface

parietal - around the pleural cavity

Front 14

Define energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, and chemical energy.

Back 14

Energy - ability to do work

Kinetic - energy in motion

Potential - stored energy

Chemical - energy stored in chemical bonds (food)

Hint 14

Chemical - food

Front 15

What is ATP?

Back 15

Stored Energy, type of potential enery.

Hint 15

when ATP is broken down ( ATP -> ADP + P) energy is released.

Front 16

What is a source of glucose?

Back 16

Carbs

Hint 16

sugar found in food

Front 17

What is glucose used to make?

Back 17

Glycogen

Front 18

What is glycogen and where is it stored?

Back 18

Stored glucose. It is stored in liver, muscles, and fat.

Front 19

Define synthesis, decompostion, exchange reaction, and give an eample of each.

Back 19

Synthesis - build new molecules. (ADP + P -> ATP)

Decomposition - break down of large molecules (ATP -> ADP + D)

exchange reaction - rearranging (AB + CD -> AC + BD)

Hint 19

Synthesis - energy requireing

Decomposition - energy releasing

Front 20

Define Enzyme.

Back 20

Proteins that speed up reactions

Front 21

Define matter, element, atom, proton, neutron, and electron.

Back 21

Matter - antthing that occupies space and has mass

Element - Simplest from of matter

Atom - smallest particle of an element

Proton - (+) Charge, inside the nucleus

Electron - (-) Charge, outside the nucleus

Neutron - Neutral Charge, inside the nucleus

Hint 21

Matter - Solid, Liquid, or Gas

Element - Ca, K, Na, Cl

Atom - Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Front 22

What is an acid and base and give and example of each.

Back 22

Acid - Donates protons, PH below 7 (Hydrochloric Acid)

Base - Accepts protons, PH above 7 (sodium hydroxide)

Front 23

Neutral.

Back 23

PH of 7. (blood)

Front 24

What are the functions of the cell?

Back 24

Basic unit of life.

Protects and supports.

Movement.

Communication.

Cell Metabolism and Energy Releasing.

Front 25

Define extracellular and intracellular.

Back 25

Extracellular - material outside the cell.

Intracellular - material inside the cell.

Hint 25

Extra = external

Intra = internal

Front 26

Be able to describe in detail the structure of the cell membrane (Fluid Mosaic Model).

Back 26

Made of phosphilpid and proteins.

Phospilipids form a double (bi) layer.

Phophilipids contain 2 regions: polar and non poloar.

Polar - heads, hydrophillic, exposed to water

Nonpolar - taiks, hydrophobic, away from water.

Hint 26

The Fluid Mosaic Model is the crazy picture you drew of the cell membrane diagram.

Front 27

What is the function of the nucleus?

Back 27

Houses DNA

Front 28

What are the nucleolus and ribosomes, where are they located, and what function do they preform?

Back 28

Nucleoolus - inside the nucleus and makes Ribosomes.

Ribosomes - Attached to RER or cytoplasm. It produces Protiens.

Front 29

What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplsmic reticulum and what function does each preform?

Back 29

RER - has ribosomes attached. It makes proteins.

SER - no ribosomes and site of lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Front 30

What are the characterisitics and functions of the Golgi apparatus?

Back 30

Closely packed stacks of membranes that collect, sort, package, and distribute protiens and lipids.

Hint 30

The Post Office Theory.

Front 31

Define Secretory vesicle.

Back 31

Distributes materials out of the cell.

Hint 31

sweating.

Front 32

What are lysosomes?

Back 32

Contains enzymes that digest forgien material taken into the cell.

Front 33

What are the charactersitics and functions of the mitochondria?

Back 33

Contains folds and produces ATP.

Front 34

What is cytoskeleton and understand its 3 components.

Back 34

It is the cells framework.

Microtubles - largest in diameter. provides structural support. form cilla and flagella.

Intermediate Filaments - tough and looks like ropes. maintains cell shape.

Microfilaments - aid in movement

Front 35

Compare and contrast cilla, flagella, and microvilli.

Back 35

Cilla - on the cell surface, many per cell, and moves substances of certain scells across the cell surface.

Flagella - on the cell surface, 1 per cell, and moves sperm cells.

Microvilli - extentions of the cell surface, shorter than cilla, increases surface area of certain cells.

Front 36

Understand the 4 different ways molecules can pass through the cell membrane.

Back 36

1) Directly through

2) Membrane Channels

3) Carrier Molecules

4) Vesicles

Front 37

Define Diffusion, solution, solutes, solvent, and concentration gradient.

Back 37

Diffusion - movement of molecules from areas of high to low consentration

Solution - solid, liquid, or gas that contains one or more solutes

Solutes - substance added to the solevent that dissolves

Solvent - Substance such as water that the solute is being addent to

Concentration gradient - measures the concentration difference at 2 points

Front 38

Define osmosis, hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic, and filtration.

Back 38

Osmosis - Diffusion of water acorss the cell membrane

Hypotonic - lower concentration of solutes outside of the cell, higher concentration of water outside the cell, water moves IN the cell, and Lysis.

Hypertonic - Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell, higher concentration of water in the cell, water moves OUT, crenation.

Isotonic - equal concentrate of solutes, water doesn't move, cells remain intact.

Filtration - movement of fluid through a partation with holes

Front 39

Undertsand the different types of mediated transport and what they require.

Back 39

Facilitated diffusion - diffusion with the aid of a carrier molecule, requires no ATP.

Active Transport - Moves substances from ow to high concentration, requires ATP.

Front 40

Compare and contrast endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis.

Back 40

Endocytosis - Process that brings materials into the cell using vesicles

Phagocytosis - Cell eating (solid)

Pinocytosis - Cell drinking (liquid)

Exocytosis - process that carries materials out of the cell using vesicles.

Hint 40

Phago - solid

Pino - Liquid

Exocytosis - exit

Front 41

Define tissue and histology.

Back 41

Tissue - roups of cells with similar structure and function plus the extracellular substance (matrix)

Histology - Study of Tissues

Front 42

Name the 4 types of tissues.

Back 42

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

Front 43

What are the characterisists of epithelial tissues?

Back 43

Cells clsoe together, forms most glands, have a free surface.

Front 44

What are the functions of epithelial tissues?

Back 44

1. Protect underlying structures

2. Act as a barrier

3. Diffusion and Filtration

4. Secretion

5. Absorption

Front 45

How are epithelial tissues classified

Back 45

According to the number of cell layers and cell shape

Front 46

Know the characteristics, functions, and general loctations of the different type of epithelial tissues.

Back 46

Simple - 1 layer

Stratified - 2 or more layers

Simple Squamus - 2 layer of flat, tile-like cells. function is diffusion and filtration, and is locaded in blood vessles, lungs, heart, and kidneys

Simple Cuboidal - 1 layer of square shaped cells that sceretes in the glands and ovaries

Simple Columnar - 1 later of tall, narrow cells that secretes music and aosbs in the stomach, intestines, and respritory tract.

Psudostratified Columnar - 1 layer of tall, narrow cells that apear stratified but arent. They secret music and propel debri out of the respitory tract and is locaded in the nose and trachea.

Statified Squamous - many layers of flat cells that protec tand act as a barrier in the skin, mouth, throat, and esophagus

Transitional Epithelium - special type of stratified epithelium that changes (streched = squamus non streched = cuboidal) it holds fluids in the urinary bladder.

Front 47

Know the different structures of free surfaces such as microvilli, cilia, and goblet cells.

Back 47

Microvilli - increases the cells surface area

Cilia -Moves things acorss the cell surface

Goblet Cells - Produces mucus

Front 48

Define tight junctions, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions.

Back 48

tight junctions - bind adjacent cells together

hemidesmosomes - bind cells to the abse membrane

gap junctions - small channels that allow molecules to pass between epithelial tissues and allows cells to communcticate

Front 49

Compare and contrast exocrine and endocrine glands.

Back 49

Exocrine - glands with ducts

Endocrine - no ducts, exrects directly into the blood stream.

Front 50

What are the 3 types of extracellular metrixes in connective tissue?

Back 50

protein fibers, ground substance, fluid

Front 51

What are the 3 types of protein fibers and their characteristics?

Back 51

Collagen - look like ropes, and are flexible bust resist streching

Reticular - supporting network that fills pores between organs and tissues

Elastic - recoil after being streched

Front 52

How are connective tissues classified?

Back 52

Ordinary, and special

Front 53

What are the fuctions of connective tissue?

Back 53

1) Enclose and seperate
2) Connects tissues together
3) Support and movement
4) Storage
5) Cushion and insulate
6) Transport

Front 54

What are the different types of connective tissues and their characteristics?

Back 54

Loose - collagen fibers that are far apart

Dense - Collagen fibers packed close together

Adipose - collagen and elastic fibers, cells filled with lipids

Cartilage - provices support and reumes shape after bending

Bone - hard connective tissue that consists of living cells

Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells

Front 55

Name the 3 types of cartilage and their charachteristics.

Back 55

1) Hyaline - between bones and ends, some collagen fibers, reduces friction.

2)Fibrocartilage - Between vertibra, lots of collagen fibers, can withstand compressions

3)Elastic cartilage - ear and nose, elastic fibers, can recoil

Front 56

Compare and contrast the types of muscle tissues.

Back 56

Skeletal - many nuclei, perpihpreal, and straited

Cardiac, 1 nucleus, central, and straited

Smooth, 1 nucleus, central, and NOT straited

Front 57

What are the characteristics of nervous tissue?

Back 57

Consists of neurons or nerve cells.

Front 58

Compare and contrast replacement and regeneration of tissue repair.

Back 58

Regeneration - cells of the same type develop

Replacement - cells of a different type develop

Hint 58

Regeneration - No scar

Replacement - Scar

Front 59

What are the 4 symptoms of Inflammation?

Back 59

1) Redness
2) Heat
3) Swelling
4) Pain