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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA stands for... |
deoxyribonucleic acid |
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DNA is _______ stranded vs RNA is ______ stranded |
double (parallel helix strands) , single |
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DNA structure discovered by |
Watson and Crick |
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DNA is a polymer of |
nucleotides |
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Nucleotides are composed of... |
phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), base (A,T,C,G,U) |
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What makes up the backbone of DNA |
phosphate and sugar (deoxyribose) |
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Two different types of bases |
purines and pyrimidines |
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Purines (structure and kinds) |
BIG - double ring structure Adenine Guanine |
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Pyrimidines (structure and kinds) |
small - single ring structure Thymine Cytosine |
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Complementary base pairing |
the pairing between proper bases (A-t, G-c) (some don't pair because of no matching dipoles) |
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Roles of DNA |
replicate, produce proteins, mutate |
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A Role of DNA: Replication |
DNA copies itself during interphase |
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Replication Steps: |
1. DNA begins as double stranded 2. Separate to form 2 new complementary strands 3. Both identical DNA molecules become semi-conservative (one new strand, one old) |
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How do DNA strands separate during replication? Steps: |
i) DNA helicase enzyme breaks Hbonds ii)New DNA nucleotides move into nucleus for polymerase to ensure correct bonding iii)Another polymerase promotes sequential bonding |
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A Role of DNA: Protein Synthesis |
DNA assembles amino acids into proteins at ribosomes |
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Types of proteins: |
Ribosomal proteins - cell structure and & metabolic activities Secretory in RER - exported by exocytosis Hydrolytic enzymes in RER - in lysosomes for cell digestion |
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Any kind of protein is produced in a 2 step process. Steps? |
Transcription and translation |
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What is transcription? |
DNA copies itself into mRNA... to leave thru nuclear pore |
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Transcription steps: |
-unzips DNA -RNA enters nucleus to bond DNA -mRNA leave nucleus -> make protein
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What is translation? |
The making of proteins (of amino acids) by mRNA |
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Translation steps: |
Initiation - rRNA aligns mRNA *start codon AUG & UAC anticodon (tRNA)* Elongation - add amino acids to build protein *promotes peptide bonds* Termination - terminator codon stops adding
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A Role of DNA: Mutations |
biological errors |
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Types of mutations |
Gene mutations and chromosome mutation |
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Gene mutation (Point mutations) |
Error of base pairing *can in replication/ protein synthesis (minor affect on 1 cell) |
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Chromosome mutation |
Chromosome broken or dislocated during cell division ** Trisomy 21 = down syndrome ** |
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Specific DNA polymerase help mutations by... |
correcting mistakes |
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Types of mutations |
Deletion - One less nucleotide Adding - One more Substitution - One switched |
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Advantages of in vitro lab technique |
- Desired gene, codes for a protein, inserted into bacterium (cancer treat) - Tolerance (disease resistance for food) -Genetic engineering (remove and fix malfunction) -Clones (food production) |
