Biology Test: Dna Replication

Front 1

Leading Strand

Back 1

One side of the split DNA that follows the helicase as it unwinds.

Front 2

Lagging strand

Back 2

One side of the split DNA that is moving away from the helicase

Front 3

Replication Fork

Back 3

formed when the original DNA splits in two; it is two "prongs" which resemble a fork

Front 4

Pyrimidine

Back 4

The bases thymine and cytosine

Front 5

Daughter Strand

Back 5

The new fragments that form wen DNA Ligase attaches okazaki fragments together. Both the newly synthesized strands are called daughter strands.

Front 6

Purine

Back 6

the bases adenine and guanine

Front 7

Mutation

Back 7

a permanent, random change in DNA resulting in a new trait or characteristic

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Point Mutation

Back 8

A change in one base of the gene sequence. This is equivalent to changing one letter in a sentence. It won’t make sense.

Front 9

Missense Mutation

Back 9

a type of a mutation resulting in a new type of amino acid in the sequence

Front 10

Frame-shift mutation

Back 10

- One or more bases are inserted or deleted
- Because our cells read DNA in three letter “words”, adding or removing one letter changes each subsequent word.
- Can make the DNA meaningless and can result in shortened protein
o Original: the fat cat are the wee rat
o Frame Shift: The fat caa hew eer at.

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Deletion

Back 11

removal of one or more nucleotides, results in missing DNA

Front 12

Insertion

Back 12

adding one or more nucleotides, addition of DNA

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Inversion

Back 13

Entire section of DNA is reversed

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Nonsense Mutation

Back 14

A point mutation resulting in a codon reading ¨STOP¨

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Silent Mutation

Back 15

A mutation occurs, but the codon still codes for the same Amino Acid

Front 16

Primary structure

Back 16

- The sequence, or order, of amino acids
- Determined by the DNA
- Peptide bonds hold it together
- “necklace with beads”

Front 17

Secondary Structure

Back 17

- Hydrogen bonds form between amino acids that are close to one another
- Determined by sequence

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Tertiary Structure

Back 18

- Hydrogen bonds form between amino acids that are far away from one another
- Determined by sequence

Front 19

Quatrenary structure

Back 19

- Multiple polypeptide chains get together

Front 20

Polyploidy

Back 20

A condition describing a cell with a greater number of diploid number of chromosomes; too many chromosomes are present
-abnormal in humans

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Translocation

Back 21

describes when a part of a homologous chromosome is tacked on to another chromosome

Front 22

Nondisjunction

Back 22

A condition that arises from the failure of a spindle fiber to pull chromosomes apart during cell division, resulting in extra chromosomes in gametes

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Monosomy

Back 23

when one chromosome is left out, describes chromosome without homologue
EX: Turner's Syndrome

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Trisomy

Back 24

an extra chromosome is present
EX:
- Down’s Syndrome: 21st chromosome
- Edward’s Syndrome: 18th chromosome

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Mutagen

Back 25

an agent that causes mutation in cells

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Transcription

Back 26

a messanger RNA molecule, complementary in nucleotide sequence to the gene, is synthesized

Front 27

Translation

Back 27

a message, carried by the same RNA molecule in transcription before, is used to synthesize the corresponding protien

Front 28

Protein

Back 28

the molecules that gice structure and shape to living cells and that carry out all of the chemical reactions necessary for life

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Codon

Back 29

the triplets of bases that are the "words" of RNA or DNA messages

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Peptide

Back 30

a linear molecule made up of two or more linked amino acids

Front 31

McClintock

Back 31

figured out the process of transposition in corn chromosomes

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Watson and crick

Back 32

- 1953
- Put all DNA information together
- Used logic and model building to put forth a model of DNA that we use today
- Watson was extremely smart; went to college at 15, got his Ph.D. in his early-twenties
- Watson and Crick worked in England; were rivals with Rosalind Franklin

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Rosalind Franklin

Back 33

- Was an expert in a technique called x-ray crystallography
- Used this technique on DNA
- Her images were considered the best in 1952
- She was treated very unfairly because of sexism and an early death

Front 34

Ligase

Back 34

attaches disconnected fragments of DNA

Front 35

Parent Strand

Back 35

one of the original DNA strands before it undergoes DNA replication

Front 36

Okazaki Fragment

Back 36

DNA sequences formed on the lagging strand of DNA

Front 37

DNA Helicase

Back 37

"unzips" DNA into 2 fragments: the leading strand and the lagging strand

Front 38

DNA Polymerase

Back 38

- comes in behind helicase and adds the complementary nucleotides to one strand, then turns opposite way and adds to the other strand

Front 39

Steps of Mitosis

Back 39

1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
6. Cytokinesis

Front 40

Interphase

Back 40

-at least 75% of mitosis spent in this phase
STEPS:
1.Go phase
2. G1 phase
3. S phase
4. G2 phase

Front 41

Prophase

Back 41

-nucleolus fades
-chromatin condenses into 2 chromatids
-microtubules disassemble
-building blocks of microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle

Front 42

microtubules

Back 42

responsible for cell shape, motility, and attachment to other cells during Interphase

Front 43

Metaphase

Back 43

-spindle fibers apply tensions to align all chromosomes in one plane in the center of a cell

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Anaphase

Back 44

-spindle fibers shorten, which pulls chromatids apart
- kinetochores separate
-chromatids (daughter chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to cell poles

Front 45

Telophase

Back 45

-daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles
-spindle fibers that pulled the chromosomes apart disappear
-cell wall starts to reform

Front 46

Cytokinesis:

Back 46

-the spindle fibers (the ones not attached to chromosomes) break down
-contractile ring cleaves the cell into two daughter cells
-microtubules reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to interphase

Front 47

Go phase

Back 47

a temporary resting period for cells who aren't ready to proceed to G1 phase

Front 48

G1 phase

Back 48

-the first growth stage of a cell
-cells increase in size
-cells produce RNA
-cells synthesize proteins
- an important cell cycle mechanism, the G1 checkpoint is activated
-G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell’s environment is suitable and everything in a cell is ready for DNA synthesis

Front 49

S phase:

Back 49

-to produce 2 daughter cells, the complete DNA instructions in the cell must be duplicated
-DNA replication occurs

Front 50

G2 phase:

Back 50

-the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis
-cell continues to grow and produce proteins
-at the end of this gap, there is another checkpoint
-this checkpoint determines if the cell can proceed to the mitosis phase

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The difference between plant and animal cell mitosis

Back 51

- Animals have centrioles, plants do not
- Plant cells have a cell different structure
- Telophase and Cytokinesis are done differently in animal cells than plant cells
- Plant cells produce a cell wall, animal cells produce a cell membrane

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SEXUAL reproduction

Back 52

-Reproduction requiring two parents and two different special cells, one from each parent
-During sexual reproduction, both parents contribute DNA, so there is more genetic variation

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advantages and disadvantages of SEXUAL reproduction

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ADVANTAGES:
-more genetic variation
-good when the environment is in a state of change.

DISADVANTAGES:
-It is slow and requires both a male and a female

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Examples of sexual reproduction

Back 54

-humans, frogs, worms, mammals, flowering plants, etc.

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ASEXUAL reproduction

Back 55

-new individuals come from a single parent
-the parent either divides into two or the new individuals arise as buds from parent’s body
-new individuals are genetically identical to the parent

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advantages and disadvantages of ASEXUAL reproduction

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ADVANTAGES:
-Need only one parent
- Can result in a great # of offspring very quickly.

DISADVANTAGES:
- Does not result in variation among offspring.

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examples of ASEXUAL reproduction

Back 57

- Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, potatoes, sea stars, etc.

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WAYS TO PRODUCE ASEXUALLY

Back 58

Binary fission, Budding, Parthenogenesis, and Fragmentation

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Binary Fission

Back 59

A type of reproduction that starts with one cell that undergoes mitosis and results in two cells. This type of reproduction can work very quickly.
EX: Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi

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Budding

Back 60

- results in a smaller new organism (a daughter cell) growing out of a bigger organism(mother cell).
EX: Baker’s yeast and Hydra

Front 61

Fragmentation

Back 61

- the growing an animal from a piece of an animal.
EX: Certain types of worms, starfish

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Parthenogenesis

Back 62

The new animal is a clone of the mother.

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Chromosome

Back 63

a long strand of genetic information consisting of a chemical called DNA

Front 64

Chromatid

Back 64

one of two strands of a replicated chromosome before their separation during mitosis or meiosis

Front 65

Sister Chromatids

Back 65

- Chromatid attached at the centromere; completely identical

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Chromatin

Back 66

- the long skinny form that chromosomes are in during interphase

Front 67

Homologous chromosomes

Back 67

2 sex cells join; different messages, but same characteristics (chromosome 1 from mom w/ chromosome 1 from dad)

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Spores

Back 68

- small reproductive cells that can be made in large #’s and dispersed.
- can be made through mitosis in fungi, so they are genetically the same as the plant from which they came

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Haploid (n)

Back 69

- half the number of a chromosomes as a normal body cell

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Diploid

Back 70

- complete set of chromosomes

Front 71

Crossing over

Back 71

- Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information during Prophase 1

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Centromere

Back 72

- the attachment point of 2 sister chromosomes (ex: our pipe cleaners)

Front 73

Centriole

Back 73

- a cylinder shaped structure that is used in cell division and used as an anchor point for the spindle

Front 74

Gametogenesis

Back 74

the process of making a sex cell (Spermatogenesis in males, Oogenesis in females)

Front 75

Gametes

Back 75

- a sex cell; haploid

Front 76

Spindle

Back 76

- The network of fibers that form in the cell that is in mitosis or meiosis; contract and pull chromosomes towards opposite poles

Front 77

Sperm Cells

Back 77

male- produced gametes