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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define excretion.
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Removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements.
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Define growth
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A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.
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Define movement
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An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.
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Define nutrition
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the taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and minerals ions, containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them.
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Define reproduction
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The processes that make more of the same kind of organism.
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Define respiration
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the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy.
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Define sensitivity
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the ability to detect or sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make responses.
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Define organelle.
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a structure within a cell.
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Define tissue
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a group of cells with similar structures working together to perform a shared functions.
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Define organ
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a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions.
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Define organ system.
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a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions.
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Define diffusion.
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The net movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement.
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Define osmosis
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The diffusion of water molecules from a region of higher concentration ( dilute solution) to a region of their lower concentration (concentrated solution), through a partially permeable membrane.
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Define active transport.
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The movement of ions in or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from the region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration against a concentration gradient, using energy released during respiration.
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Define photosynthesis
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The fundamental process be which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light.
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Define ingestion
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Taking substances (e.g food, drink) into the body through the mouth.
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Define egestion
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the passing out of food that has not been digested,as faeces, through the anus
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Define absorption
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The movement of digestd food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph.
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Define assimilation
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The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells
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Define Transpiration
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Evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by a loss of water vapour from plant leaves, through the stomata.
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Define Translocation
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The movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem, from regions of production to regions of storage, or to regions of utilisation in respiration or growth.
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Define aerobic respiration
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The release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen.
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Define anaerobic respiration
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The release of a relatively small amount of energy by the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen.
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Define Sense organs
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groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals.
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Define Hormone
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A chemical substance produced by a gland , carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver.
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Define Geotropism
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A response in which a plant rows towards or away from the direction from which light is coming.
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Define phototropism
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A response in which a plant grows towards or away from the direction from which light is coming.
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Define Homoeostasis
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The maintenance of a constant internal environment.
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Define Drug
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Any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body.
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Define asexual reproduction
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The processes resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.
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Define Haploid nucleus
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A nucleus containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes (e.g in body cells)
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Define diploid nucleus
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A nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes (e.g. in body cells)
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Define chromosomes
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A thread of DNA, made up of string of genes.
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Define gene
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A length of DNA that is the unit of heredity and codes for a specific protein. A gene may be copied and passed on to the next generation.
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Define inheritance
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The transmission of genetic information from generation to generation.
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Define mitosis
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clear division giving rise to genetically identical cells in which the chromosome number is maintained by the exact duplication of chromosomes.
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Define growth.
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A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.
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Define devolopement
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An increase in complexity
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Define meiosis
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Reduction division in which the chromosomes number is halved from Diploid to Haploid.
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Define allele
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Any of two or more alternative forms of gene.
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Define homozygous
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Having two identical alleles of a particular gene (e.g. FF or ff). Two identical homozygous individuals that breed together will be pure-breeding.
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Define heterozygous
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Having two different alleles of a particular gene (e.g. Ff), not pure-breeding.
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Define genotype
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Genetic make up of an organism in terms of the alleles present (e.g. or GG )
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Define phenotype
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The physical or other features of an organism due to both its genotype and its environment (e.g. tall plant or green seed
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Define dominant
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An allele that is expressed if its present (e.g.F)
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Define recessive
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An allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present (e.g. f)
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Define mutation
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A change in a gene or chromosome.
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Define Natural selection
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The greater chance of passing on of genes by the best-adapted organsims.
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Define genetic engineering
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Taking a gene from one species and putting it into another species.
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Define ecosystem
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A unit containing all of the organisms and their environment, interacting together, in a given area e.g. decomposing log or a lake.
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What two parts is the binomial system made up of?????
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Genus and species
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Give the definition of population?
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A group of one species, living in the same area at the same time.
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What is a food chain (hint it’s not a fast food shop)????
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A chart showing the flow of energy (food) from one organism to the next (e.g. Mahogany + caterpillar + songbird + hawk) beginning with a producer.
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Tell me what a food web???
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A network of interconnected food chains showing the energy flow through part of an ecosystem
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What is a producer???
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An organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis.
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Describe a consumer???
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An organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms.
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What is an herbivore????
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An animal that gets its energy by eating plants?
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What is a carnivore
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An animal that gets its energy by eating other animals.
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What is a trophic level????
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The position of an organism in a food chain, food web or pyramid of biomass, numbers or energy.
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What is a decomposer???
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An organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic matter?
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What is absorption?????
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The movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph??
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Explain what accommodation is???
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The change of lens, in order to focus on objects at different distances.
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What is an active site???
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The part of an enzyme molecule into which its substrate fits.
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Tell me what active transport means???
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The movement of ions in or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration against a concentration gradient, using energy released during respiration.
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What is adrenaline??
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A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, which prepares the body for “flight or fight”
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Explain aerobic respiration??
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The release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen.
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What is an allele???
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Any two or more alternative forms of gene.
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What does an alveolus do (plural: alveoli)????
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An air sac in the lungs, where gas exchange occurs.
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What are amino acids???
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Molecules that can link together in long chains to form proteins; they contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and sometimes sulphur
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What is amniotic fluid????
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Fluid secreted by the amnion, which supports and protects a developing fetus.
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What are amylases???
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An enzyme which breaks down starch to malt.
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What is anaemia???
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An illness caused by lack of haemoglobin.
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Explain the process of anaerobic respiration????
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The release of a relatively small amount of energy by the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen.
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What do antagonistic muscles do???
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Muscles that work as a pair – for example, one may cause extension and the other flexing.
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What is the anther???
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The part of a stamen in which pollen is produced.
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What do antibiotics do??
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A drug that kills bacteria in the human body, without damaging human cells.
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What do antibodies do???
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Chemicals secreted by lymphocytes, which attach to antigens and help to destroy them.
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What are antigens????
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Chemicals on the surfaces of pathogens, which are recognised as foreign by the body.
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What is artificial selection????
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The choice by a farmer or grower of only the ‘Best’ parents to breed, generation after generation.
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Tell me what asexual reproduction is???
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The process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.
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What is the definition of assimilation????
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The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells.
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What is an auxin???
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A plant hormone which causes cells to elongate .
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What is an axon???
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A nerve fibre that conducts impulses away from the cell body.
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What is a balanced diet????
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A diet containing some of each of the different types of nutrients, in a suitable quantity and proportions.
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What is bile????
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A liquid made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and emptied into the small intestine, where it helps to emulsify fats.
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What are bile salts???
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Substances in bile that help to emulsify fats.
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Definition of biodegradable???
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Able to be broken down (digested) by micro-organisms.
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Explain breathing????
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Muscular movements which cause air to move into and out of the lungs.
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What are the bronchioles???
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The small tubes into which the bronchi branch.
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What is the bronchus (plural; bronchi)????
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One of the two tubes into which the trachea branches, carrying air into each lung.
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What is cancer????
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A disease in which cells divide uncontrollably. Producing lumps (tumours)
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What are carbohydrates??
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Starches and sugars.
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What are carbohydras’s?????
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An enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of carbohydrates.
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What is a carcinogen????
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A substance which increases the risk of a person’s body developing cancer.
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What do cardiac muscles do???
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The muscle of which the heart is made.
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What is the carpel??
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The female part of a flower.
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What does a catalyst do???
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A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction.
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What is catalase???
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An enzyme found in almost all living tissues, which catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
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What is cell sap???
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A solution of sugars and other substances inside the vacuole of a plant cell.
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What is the cell surface membrane??
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A very thin layer of fat and protein that surrounds every living cell.
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What is cellulose????
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A polysaccharide carbohydrate which forms fibres and is found in the cell walls of plant cells.
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What is the central nervous system made up of???
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The brain and spinal cord.
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Chemical digestion what is it?
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The breakdown of large molecules of food into smaller ones, done by enzymes.
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What is chlorophyll??
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A green, light-absorbing pigment found inside chloroplasts in plant cells.
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What is chloroplast???
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An organelle found in some plant cells, which contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis takes place.
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What is a chromosome???
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A thread of DNA, made up of a string of genes.
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What are cilia??
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Tiny extensions on the surface of a cell, which can wave in unison and cause fluids to move.
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What is a ciliary muscle???
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A ring of muscle around the lens, which can change its shape.
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What is cirrhosis and where do you get it???
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A disease of the liver in which the cells are permanently damaged.
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Define what a clone is ???
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A group of genetically identical organisms
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What is codominance???
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A situation in which both alleles in a heterozygous have an effect on the phenotype.
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What is a colon???
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The first part of the large intestine, in which water and ions are absorbed.
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What is a community in nature???
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All the organisms, of all the different species, living in an area at the same time.
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Competition in nature??
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An interaction between organisms that occurs when both need the same resource which is in short supply.
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Define consumer???
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An organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms.
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What is Continuous variation???
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Differences in features of a group of organisms in which there are no definite categories; each individuals features can lie anywhere between two extremes.
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What is corpus luteum???
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The structure that forms in an ovary after an egg has been released; it secretes progesterone.
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What is a cortex????
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In a kidney, the outer layer; in a plant stem or root, a tissue made of typical plant cells ( usually, however, without, chloroplasts)
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What are cotyledons???
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Food storage
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