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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 Types of Microscopes
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1. Light
2. Electron |
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Microvilli
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cells can increase their surface area with microvilli
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Robert Hook
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-1st person to see and name a cell.
-Looked at cork tree and reminded him of cells monks used. |
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Cell Theory
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1. all organisms are composed of cells
2. cells come only from pre-existing cells |
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Cytoplasm
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-Semi fluid substance enclosed in plasma membrane (also contains cell's genetic material)
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2 Main Types of Cells
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1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic |
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Prokaryotic Cells
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-Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
-Genetic information is located in the nucleoid -simple and much smaller than eukaryotic cells -very successful living in a wide variety of environments -HIGH surface area to volume ratio -Bacteria are a type of prokaryotic cell |
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Eukaryotic Cells
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-have a membrane-bound nucleus which stores the DNA
-larger than Prokaryotic Cells with a LOWER surface area to volume ratio -have a number of membrane-bound inner compartments called organelles |
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Bacteria
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-are a type of Prokaryotic cell
-some bacteria cause harmful diseases -some bacteria are beneficial |
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Bacterial Structure
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-Bacterial cytoplasm is surrounded by a cell membrane, cell wall and a capsule
-have thousands of ribosomes that synthesize all the proteins needed by the cell |
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Plasma Membrane
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-is a phospholipid bilayer
-proteins are embedded in it |
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Channel Proteins
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-simple protein pores: Hydrogen ions (H+)
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Transport Proteins
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-combine with substances to assist their movement across membranes: Na+ and K+
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Cell Recognition Proteins
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-glycoproteins that have several functions, such as recognition of pathogens: antibodies
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Receptor Proteins
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-bind specific signal molecules: Insulin receptor
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Enzymatic Proteins
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-membrane proteins that carry out chemical reactions
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Junction Proteins
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-connect cells to each other and allow them to communicate
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Organelles' 4 Categories
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1. Nucleus and Ribosomes
2. Organelles of the endomembrane system 3. Energy related organelles 4. the cytoskeleton |
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1. Nucleus and Ribosomes
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-Nucleus communicates with the ribosomes to control protein synthesis
-Nucleus contains Chromatin within a semifluid nucleoplasm -Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane (has pores for ribosomal subunits and mRNA to exit the nucleus and proteins to enter the nucleus) |
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Chromatin
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-composed of DNA, protein, and some RNA, is usually a network of fine strands
-condenses during cell division to form chromosomes |
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RNA
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-produced in the nucleus
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
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Endomembrane System's 4 components
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1. nuclear membrane
2. the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 3. the Golgi apparatus 4. Membranous sacs called vesicles |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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-complicated system of membranous channels and flattened vesicles (saccules)
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Rough ER
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-studded with ribosomes
-synthesizes proteins -these protens are packaged in transport vesicles |
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Smooth ER
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-synthesizes lipids that are also packaged in transport vesicles
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Golgi Apparatus
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-consists of numerous flattened saccules
-receives protein transport vesicles from the ER and packages them in new vesicles -directs the new vesicles to the location intended for the protein |
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Lysosomes
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-Golgi vesicles which contain proteins that digest molecules or structures within the cell
-participate in apoptosis or programmed cell death |
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Vacuoles
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--membranous sacs that are larger than vesicles
-specialized functions in plants -can store nutrients, ions, or other molecules |
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Chloroplasts
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-use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates
-found in photosynthetic organisms -surrounded by 2 membranes (inner and outer) and have own DNA -thylakoids(organized series of sacs-grana) |
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Mitochondria
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-use carbohydrates to make ATP
-cellular respiration involved -"POWERHOUSE" -inner membrane form cristae -inner membrane encloses the matrix |
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Cytoskeleton
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-a network of protein filaments and tubules that extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane.
-maintains cell shape -assists int he movement of organelles |
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3 Components of Cytoskeleton:
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1. Actin filaments (Myosin: motor protein) smallest
2. Microtubules-largest, made of Tubulin 3. Intermediate filaments- in between size |
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Actin Filaments
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-consists of two chains of globular actin monomers intertwined in a helix
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Photosynthesis
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6C02+6H20---->C6H1206+602
CARBON DIOXIDE+WATER---->GLUCOSE+OXYGEN |
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Cellular Respiration
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C6H1206+602---->6C02+6H20+ENERGY
OXYGEN+GLUCOSE---->CARBON DIOXIDE |
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Microtubles
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-proteins arranged to form hollow cylinders
-assembled by the centrosome -can be associated with motor molecules such as kinesin and dynein |
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centrioles
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-short cylinders with a 9+0 pattern of microtubule triplets
-in animals and some protists, centrioles are located in the centrosome -involved in cell division |
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Cilia and Flagella
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-hairlike projections that allow organisms to move
-differ in size but similar in construction -both are membrane bound cylinders |
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plant cell walls
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-primary cell wall contains cellulose fibrils and noncellulose substances that allow the cell to stretch when growing
-woody plants have a less flexible secondary cell wall which consists mainly of cellulose microfibrils and lignin |
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plasmodesmata
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narrow, membrane-lined that connects living cells
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external features of animal cells
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1. various junctions between cells
2. an extracellular matrix |
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3 types of junctions between cells
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1. adhesion
2. tight 3. gap |
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adhesion junctions
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-form sturdy flexible sheets of cells
-these cells are connected by inter cellular filaments -connect cells in organs such as the heart, stomach, and bladder |
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tight junctions
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-connect cells like zippers
-kidney cells are connected by tight junctions |
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gap junctions
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-form when 2 identical plasma membrane channels join
-the cells of the heart and other smooth muscles communicate with each other through gap junctions -ions flow through channel from one cell to the next |
