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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mutation
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Inheritable change in genetic info; a mistake in the DNA; occurs during DNA replication causes the biggest prob during meiosis but can happen during mitosis... 2 types
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Chromosomal Mutation
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5 kinds; changes in the # or structure of chromosomes
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Nondisjuntion
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1 more/less chromosomes; 2 varieties... chromatids do not seperate right during meiosis
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Trimsomy/ Monosomy
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Trisomy: 1 more than norm...down synrome, klinefelters
Monosomy: 1 less than norm...Turners Syndrome |
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Polyploidy
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having extra sets of chromosomes 3n or 4n; only in plants, makes them bigger and stronger... lethal in animals
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Deletion
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a piece of chromosome breaks off and is lost EX. Y
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Translocation
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a piece of chromose breaks off and moves to another... NOW HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME
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Inversion
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dumped/ a piece of chromosome flips upsidedown so alleles dont match up right
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Gene Mutation
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changes in one or more nucleotides; as little as one nucleotide has a mistake; a messed up gene; 3 kinds
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Point mutation/ base substitution
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one nitrogen base replaces another in a triplet EX. Sickle cell
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Base Deletion
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1 nitrogen base/ nucleotide is lost
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Base Insertion
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1 nitrogen base/ nucleotide is added
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Selective Breeding
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allowing only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation... EX. Basically all domestic animals (dogs, horses, cows) and all crops/ plants/ flowers
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Hybridization
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Cross dis-similar to bring together the best of both worlds EX. labradoodle. withing the same species only!!!
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species
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A group of similar looking organisms, that can phisically mate, produce offspring and the offspring MUST be fertile. Horse x Donkey= Mule- Sterile so horse and donkey are not the same species
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Inbreeding
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can lead to problems.. EX. in dogs= blindness, deafness, joint issues, hip dysplasia... continued breeding of individuals with simiar characteristics (family)
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Genetic Engineering
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making changes in the DNA code, is manipulating DNA... anything we do to DNA is considered genetic engineering
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Tool 1
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Cutting DNA
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Restriction Enzymes
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chemicals that cut DNA into smaller pieces or fragments; cut DNA between specific nucleotides
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Tool 2
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Seperating DNA
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Electrophoresis Gel
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The device that seperates the cut pieces of DNA, it uses electricity! the DNA is negatively charged so they move toward the positive end of the gel... little chunks of DNA (fragments) move faster then the bigger chunks So they spread out/seperate
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Tool 3: Reading DNA
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The bands produced from electrophoresis can be read and translated into A,T, G, and C *often used in crime analysis
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Tool 4: Splicing DNA
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we can put cut pieces of DNA back together in any order we want! "cutting and pasting DNA"
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Recombinant DNA
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the DNA produced by putting together DNA from 2 diffferent sources EX. bacteria DNA w/ a chunk of human DNA (gene for insulin)* A TRANSFORMED CELL CONTAINS RECOMBINANT DNA
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Plasmid
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a ring of DNA found in bacteria * we use bacteria b/c they are single celled and reproduce by mitosis every 20 mins! :)
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Cell Transformation
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Changing a cell/cells with Recombinant DNA. EX. of a transformed cell/ organism= bacteria w/ human genes 4 insulin or human growth hormone
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Cloning
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making an exact genetic copy of another organism
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Steps for cloning
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1. must use an UNFERTILIZED EGG from the species to be cloned
2. HAPLOID NUCLEUS of egg is inactivated 3. DIPLOID NUCLEUS from a BODY/SOMATIC CELL of the animal to be cloned is inserted into the empty egg 4. All of the DNA of diploid cell is activated (hard part) 5. Egg now "thinks" it is fertilized and will grow and develop into a complete organism once is is implanted into the proper uterus |
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Transgenic Organisms
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living things that contain genes (DNA segments) from other species/ living things EX. plant with lightening bug genes *contain recombinant DNA... transgenic org are made of transformed cells which contain recombinant DNA ** transgenic organsims have been used on humans...
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DNA fingerprinting
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using DNA to identify an individual
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RFLP's
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restriction fragment length polymorphism- the bands formed from DNA during electrophoresis
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Human Genome Project
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project that analyzes the DNA sequence; has been completed!! Maps all human genes
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E. Coli
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first organism whose genome was mapped; bacteria
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Genome
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all the DNA sequences in an organism
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Gene Therapy
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an absent or faulty gene is replaced w/ a working healthy gene * goal of all genetic engineering
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