Biology Chapter 9

Front 1

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius

Back 1

calorie

Front 2

the calorie used on food labels is actually a kilocalorie. which is how many calories?

Back 2

1000

Front 3

the process of burning calories is actually the gradual release of ______ that begins with _________

Back 3

energy, glycolysis

Front 4

does glycolysis release a small or large amount of energy?

Back 4

small

Front 5

the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Back 5

cellular respiration

Front 6

what is the equation for cellular respiration?

Back 6

glucose + 6 Oxygen --> 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 6 Energy

Front 7

respiration occurs in how many stages?

Back 7

3

Front 8

why can't cellular respiration all happen at once?

Back 8

most of the energy would be lost in the form of light and heat

Front 9

the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3 carbon compound.

Back 9

glycolysis

Front 10

does glycolysis require oxygen?

Back 10

no

Front 11

the product of glycolysis; a 3 carbon compound

Back 11

pyruvic acid

Front 12

for every 2 ATP it invests, the cell yields how many ATP?

Back 12

4

Front 13

in NADH production, how many electrons are passed to NAD+?

Back 13

4

Front 14

what are 2 advantages of glycolysis?

Back 14

cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds; glycolysis doesnt require oxygen

Front 15

follows glycolysis and produces ATP when oxygen is not present

Back 15

fermentaion

Front 16

during fermentation, cells convert ____ to ____ by passing high energy electrons back to ____________

Back 16

NADH to NAD+; pyruvic acid

Front 17

process that does not require oxygen

Back 17

anaerobic

Front 18

used by yeast, forms ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste products

Back 18

alcoholic fermentation

Front 19

what uses alcoholic fermentation and what are its waste products?

Back 19

yeast; ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

Front 20

process that regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue

Back 20

lactic acid fermentation

Front 21

where is lactic acid produced?

Back 21

in your muscles during rapid exercise

Front 22

what organisms produce lactic acid as a waste product?

Back 22

unicellular organisms

Front 23

what is the equation for alcoholic fermentation?

Back 23

pyruvic acid + NADH --> Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide + NAD+

Front 24

What is the equation for lactic acid fermentation

Back 24

pyruvic acid + NADH --> Lactic Acid + NAD+

Front 25

who was the Krebs Cycle named after and when did he discover it?

Back 25

Hans Krebs who discovered it in 1937

Front 26

pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions in what cycle?

Back 26

Krebs Cycle

Front 27

What happens in the production of citric acid?

Back 27

Acetyl-CoA adds a 2 carbon acetyl group to a 4 carbon molecule, producing a 6 carbon compound (citric acid)

Front 28

What happens to each of the 3 carbon atoms in pyruvic acid after it is broken down?

Back 28

one becomes a part of a carbon dioxide molecule that is released in the air; the other 2 are joined to a compound called coenzyme A to fom acetyl-CoA

Front 29

during the energy extraction part of the Krebs cycle, how many molecules of carbon dioxide are released?

Back 29

2

Front 30

what is the energy tally from 1 molecule of pyruvic acid during the Krebs Cycle?

Back 30

4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 MOLECULE OF ATP

Front 31

When electrons join NAD+ and FAD during the Krebs Cycle, what do they form?

Back 31

NADH and FADH2

Front 32

uses high energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP to ATP

Back 32

electron trasport chain

Front 33

how does the location of the electron transport chain differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Back 33

in prokaryotes it is in the cell membrane; in eukaryotes it is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

Front 34

where does glycolysis take place?

Back 34

cytoplasm

Front 35

where do the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport take place?

Back 35

mitochondrion

Front 36

is oxygen needed in electron transport and why

Back 36

it is essential because it is the final electron acceptor

Front 37

what are the wastes of respiration?

Back 37

low energy electrons and hydrogen ions

Front 38

what causes the H+ ions in the intermembrane space to move through the channels in the membrane and out into the matrix?

Back 38

the ATP synthases spin. Each time they rotate, the enzyme grabs a low energy ADP and attaches a phosphate creating ATP

Front 39

on average, how many ATP molecules are produced as each par of high-energy electrons moves down the electron transport chain?

Back 39

3

Front 40

how many ATP molecules does glycolysis create? Krebs cycle/electron transport chain?

Back 40

2;34

Front 41

how many molecules of ATP are produced for each molecule of glucose and what percent of efficiency is it?

Back 41

36; 38%

Front 42

what is the difference between photosynthesis and respiration involving energy?

Back 42

photosynthesis deposits energy, respiration withdraws it

Front 43

what is the difference between photosynthesis and respiration involving carbon dioxide?

Back 43

photosynthesis removes it from the atmosphere, respiration replaces it

Front 44

what is the difference between photosynthesis and respiration involving oxygen?

Back 44

photosynthesis releases oxygen into the air, respiration uses it

Front 45

A runner needs more energy for a longer race. How does the body generate the necessary ATP?

Back 45

1st uses the ATP from cellular respiration. then it burns stores of glycogen. then burns fat.

Front 46

how does the cell get glycolysis started?

Back 46

2 ATP molecules

Front 47

what is NAD+?

Back 47

electron carrier- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Front 48

at the end of glycolysis, how much of the chemical energy in glucose is still unused>

Back 48

about 90%