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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Photosynthesis
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- Conversion of solar energy into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate - Takes place in the green portions of plants |
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Autotrophs |
- Photosynthetic organisms including plants, algae and cyanobacteria that produce their own food - From CO2 and other inorganic molecules - Produce food energy to feed themselves as well as heterotrophs |
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Heterotrophs |
Consumers, organisms that must take in preformed organic molecules |
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Oxygen |
- By-product of photosynthesis - Required for cellular respiration - Forms ozone shield to filter out UV radiation and makes terrestrial life possible |
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Stomata |
Carbon dioxide in the air enters a leaf through a small opening called ____________ and diffuses into chloroplasts in mesophyll cells |
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Stroma |
- Semi-fluid interior inside the double membranous chloroplast - Contains an enzyme-rich solution where CO2 attached to an organic compound is reduced to a carbohydrate glucose C6H12O6 by combining with H2O |
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Thylakoids |
- Different membrane system within the stroma forms flattened sacs called ______________ - These membranes of chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other pigments that can absorb the solar energy that drives photosynthesis |
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Grana |
- Stacks of thylakoids |
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Thylakoid Space |
- The space of each thylakoid is thought to be connected to the space of every other thylakoid within a chloroplast, thereby forming an inner compartment within chloroplasts, called the _____________. - These chloroplast membranes provide a tremendous surface area for photosynthesis to occur. |
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Chlorophyll |
- Contained in the thylakoid membrane along with other pigments that are capable of absorbing the solar energy that drive photosynthesis - Absorbs reds and blues, reflects green to be green |
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6 CO2 + 12 H2O + solar energy => C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O 6 CO2 is reduced to C6H12O6, 6 H2O is oxidized to 6 O2 |
Photosynthesis Equation What is oxidized and what is reduced? |
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Light Reactions Calvin Cycle Reactions (Light independent) |
2 Stages of Photosynthesis
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NADP+ + 2e- + H+ => NADPH |
- Coenzyme of oxidation-reduction (redox coenzyme) active during photosynthesis - When reduced, it has accepted two electrons and one hydrogen atom - When oxidized, it gives up its electrons |
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Absorption Spectrum |
- Graph showing relative absorption of the various colors of the rainbow |
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ATP Synthase complex |
- Has a channel for H+ flow and protruding synthase, is an enzyme that joins ADP + P |
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Chemiosmosis |
- H+ gradient exists, Thylakoid Space > stroma - Provides kinetic energy that allows an ATP synthase complex enzyme to produce ATP from ADP + P |
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1. CO2 fixation 2. CO2 reduction 3. Regeneration of RuBP |
Calvin Cycle 3 steps |
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G3P |
- There is a net gain of one of these in the Calvin Cycle since 3 turns produce 6 of these molecules, but only 5 is needed for 3 molecules of RuBP - The product of the Calvin Cycle that can be converted to other molecules a plant needs, such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch and cellulose, plant oils (together with fatty acids and glycerol), amino acids |
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Leaf - Palisade Mesophyll - Chloroplast - Thylakoid Membranes |
Where does light reactions occur? |
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Light Reactions |
- Input solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll to energize electrons - CO2 is reduced and H2O is oxidized to O2 - Electron Transport Chain pumps H+ into thylakoids - Convert ADP+P into ATP (Both non/cyclic) and NADP+ into NADPH (Noncyclic) by redox reactions - Consist of noncyclic and cyclic pathways which occur in the thylakoid membranes |
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Stroma |
Where does Calvin Cycle occur? |
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Calvin Cycle |
- Input of CO2 from environment, ATP and NADPH from light reactions - Reduction of CO2 using ATP and NADPH into carbs C6H12O6 (end product) and returns ADP and NADP+ to light reactions - 3 Stages: CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, RuBP regeneration |
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Sucrose |
- Active form of plant food that is transported, stored in leaves, fruits and seed |
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Starch |
- Stored form of plant food in roots and seeds |
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Cellulose |
- Used in trunks, roots and branches of the tree |
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Mesophyll Tissue
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- Contained in the leaf of the flowering plant - Interior leaf tissue - Contains chloroplasts which are specialized to carry out photosynthesis (30~40/cell) |
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Roots
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- Structure of plants that absorb water that moves up vascular tissue
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Pigments
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- Chemicals that absorb certain wavelengths of light; those that are not absorbed are reflected/transmitted - Those found in chlorophyll absorb various portions of visible light |
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Caretenoid
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- Accessory pigments which absorb light in the violet-blue-green range and reflect yellow and orange light
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RuBP carboxylase (Rubisco - enzyme)
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- Accelerates Calvin Cycle Reactions |
