Biology Chapter 5 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Front 1

Photosynthesis

Back 1

Process by which organisms use light energy to produce organic compounds

Process by which the energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy -

Process that provides energy for almost all life

Front 2

Formula for photosynthesis

Back 2

3*CO2 + 3*H2O --light--> C3H6O3 + 3*O2

3 CO2 molecules, 3 water molecules and light are needed to form (1) 3carbon organic compound (sugar) + 3 molecules of oxygen.

sugar= organic compound for energy

Front 3

what are Pigments?

List 3 pigments in photosynthesis

Back 3

1) pigments are the substances that absorb certain wavelengths of light

2) chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids

(main one is chlorophyll)

Front 4

What happens when light strikes chloroplasts, where does the energy go?

Back 4

1) energy goes into the electrons in chlorophyll.
2)They get excited and jump to other molecules in the chlorophyl
3) missing electrons replaced by electrons that come from H2O in the thylakoid (the water molecules in the thylakoid are split and the missing electrons are replaced by H+ ions)
3. the remaining O atoms from the dissasembled water forms oxygen gas.
4) the excited electrons that left the cholorphyll produce new molecules that store chemical energy (ATP)
5) other exited electrons jump to nearby molecules in thylakoid and are passed along like a ball being passed along a line of people (electron transport chain)

Front 5

What are the organic compounds that result from photosynthesis (the sugars) used for?

Back 5

to provide energy for life processes

The Processes of LIFE
1. growth
2. movement
3. transport of material

Front 6

In what part of the cell does photosynthesis occur?

Back 6

1) in plants and algae - in their chloroplasts

2) in bacteria - in the cell membrane

Front 7

What does the Calvin cycle produce?

Back 7

A three-carbon sugar from ATP and NADPH

Front 8

Different pigments absorb different ______.

Back 8

wavelenghts

Front 9

in what part of the chloroplasts are pigments stored?

structure of this? (what it looks like)

Back 9

in the thylakoid -

disk shaped

Front 10

calvin cycle

Back 10

the most common method of carbon dioxide fixation in photosynthesis

- a series of reactions assited by enzymes
- they produce 3 Carbon sugar

Front 11

3 stages of photosynthesis:

Back 11

1) Capture sun energy
2) light energy -->chemical energy (stored in ATP and NADPH)
3) the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH forms organic compounds using CO2
chemical energy + CO2 -> organic compounds

Front 12

what is a "light reaction" or "light dependent reaction"

Back 12

the first 2 steps of photosynthesis which depend on light

Front 13

what is the series of molecules thru which exited electrons pass thru in thylakoid?

Back 13

the electron transport chain (ETC)

Front 14

what do the electron transport chains make?

Back 14

molecules that store energy temporarily in a cell:
- ATP and NADPH

Front 15

It breaks a what into a what?
(Calvin Cycle)

Back 15

a six carbon glucose to two 3-carbon pyruvates

Front 16

what happens to the exited electrons as they pass thru the ETC?

Back 16

they begin to loose energy

this energy is used to pump more H+ ions into the thylakoid (split water also provided H+)

Front 17

what is the pigment responsible for the yellow/orange color in vegies and in fall leaves?

Back 17

carotenoids

Front 18

what is the pigment responsible for the green color in plant leafs?

Back 18

chlorophyll

Front 19

Where does glycolysis happen

Back 19

in the cytoplasm

Front 20

what happens after there is a very high concentratoin on H+ ions inside the thylakoid?

Back 20

naturally the H+ ions want to diffuse out of the thylakoid (to even out the concentration).

They do this thru some carrier proteins that when they mix with the H+ ions they produce a reaction in which phosphate is added to ADP producing ATP.

Front 21

What does the movement of Hydrogen ions out of the thylakoid membrane produce?

Back 21

the energy required to make ATP which is used to start the third phase of photosynthesis

Front 22

While one ETC provides energy to make ATP, another ETC provides the energy to create _____________.

Back 22

NADPH

Combine w/ H+ and NADP+ to form NADPH

Front 23

Krebs cycle yields what

Back 23

2 ATP, NADH, FADH2

Front 24

3 substances starting calvin cycle

Back 24

atp, co2, nadph

Front 25

summaryof the first 2 stages of photosynthesis:

(light dependent stages)

Back 25

1)pigmemt molecules in the thylakoids of chloroplasts absorb light from the sun.
2) Electrons in these pigments become excited when they receive the light and start to move. Some move out of the chloroplasts and others move along ETCs
3)The electrons that left are replaced with H+ that come from water inside the thylakoid that has been split by enzymes. ( Water = H2O is split b/n H+ and O2 gas)
4) The split O becomes Ogas
5)H+ ions accumulate in the thylakoid and create an imbalance of H+ ions inside the thylakoid that creates a force for the H+ ions to want to diffuse -leave the thylakoid.
6) As the H+ ions leave the thylakoid they produce the energy to create ATP and NADPH.

Front 26

Three factors affecting photosynthesis

Back 26

-sunlight
-temperature
-CO2 concentration

Front 27

3rd stage of photosynthesis

(light independent reaction or "dark reaction")

Back 27

carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are used to make organic compounds in which chemical energy is stored

Front 28

cellular respiration

Back 28

process by which living organisms harness the energy in food molecules

process by which we transfer energy from organic compounds we eat (i.e. glucose) to ATP

Front 29

what happens w/ electrons is ETC of aerobic cell resp

Back 29

H+ is pumped out, concentration gradient diffuses it in through carrier proteins that produce atp

Front 30

carbon dioxide fixation

Back 30

the transfer of CO2 to organic compounds

CO2--> organic compounds

Front 31

Cell respiration forumula

Back 31

C6H12O6 + 6*O2 --enzymes--> 6*CO2 + 6*H2O + energy

glucose + oxygen gas -->carbon dioxide + water + ATP energy (thru enzyme reactions)

Front 32

BQ: Compare the role of water molecules and hydrogen ions in ETCs?

Back 32

water provides one of the sources of the H+ ions that are needed to replace the missing electrons that have left the thylakoid when they got exited (after they received the sunlight energy). Hydrogen Ions, which come from both the water and the electrons that left the thylakoid, are needed to create the ATP and NADPH

Front 33

what supplies the energy used in the Calvin Cycle?

Back 33

ATP and NADPH

Front 34

steps of Calvin Cycle

Back 34

1) each molecule of CO2 is added to a 5-C compound by an enzyme
2)each of the 3 resulting 6C compounds is unstable and immediately splits formign a total of 6 3C compunds. Phosphate from ATP and NADPH are added forming 3Csugars
3)One of the resulting 3C sugars is used to make organic compounds that the organism uses for energy (starches, carbohydrates)
4)the 5 other 3Csugars are used to regenerate the 5C compound that bagan the cycle.
**3 CO2 molecules needed to enter the cycle to produce each 3 Carbon sugar molecules that will make organic comounds***

Front 35

aerobic vs anaerobic

Back 35

aerobic - metabolic processes that require oxygen

anaerobic - does not require oxigen

Front 36

BQ:what is the role of the Calvin Cycle in the 3rd stage of photosynthesis?

Back 36

Its function is to take CO2 from the atmosphere and make organic compounds needed to sustain the processes of life

Front 37

fermentation

Back 37

- happens when there is not oxygen for aerobic respiration to take place (the ETC doesn't function bc Oxygen is not there as the final acceptor)
-NAD+ is cycled in another way - using an organic hydrogen acceptor
-still produces some ATP but not as much as aerobic resp.

Front 38

Stages of cell respiration

Back 38

1. glycolysis - glucose is broken down and yields a gain of 2 ATP molecules &

2a)with oxygen: aerobic resp:
-krebs cycle - produces electron carriers that temporarily store chemical energy (makes 2 ATPs)
-electron transport chain - inside the mitochondria, ETCs make ATP(34 ATPs)

OR
2b) w/o Oxygen: Fermentationn-> sml amt of ATP


KREBS CYcle and ETC only happen if oxygen is present

Front 39

in alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate is broken down to what

Back 39

ethanol (2 carbon compound), CO2 is released.

Front 40

3carbon pyruvate is converted to what in lactic acid fermentation

Back 40

3 carbon lactate

Front 41

chemical energy is released through____

Back 41

cellular respiration

Front 42

In aerobic stage 2, pyruvate enters where

Back 42

mitochondia

Front 43

ETC in aerobic cell resp is where

Back 43

membrane of mitochondria

Front 44

how many ATPS are produced in ETC of aerobic cell resp?

Back 44

34

Front 45

How many atps f/ krebs cycle

Back 45

2

Front 46

2 stages of cellular respiration

Back 46

1) GLYCOLISIS -glucose turns into pyruvates, producing a small amt of ATP --> small amts of ATP

2)with Oxygen(aerobic respiration): the pyruvate and NADH --> lrg amts of ATP

w/o Oxygen: pyruvate --> lactate or ethanol + Co2

Front 47

where does aerobic respiration occur:

Back 47

mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

in the cell mebranes of prokaryotic cells

Front 48

what is primary fuel for respiration?

Back 48

glucose
- which is formed when carbohydrates and sucrose are broken down

Front 49

what happens if there are not enough carbohydrates to make glucose?

Back 49

other molecules such as fat and proteins are used to make ATP
1 g fat more energy than 2 g carbo

It is better to use proteins to make imp cell parts than to make ATP

Front 50

2 types of fermentation

Back 50

1) lactic acid fermentation - pyruvate is converted to lactate
- used in prodction of food - cheeses, yogurt

2) alcoholic fermentation - pyruvate is broken down to ethanol, releasing CO2
**

Front 51

What determines how much ATP you can get the out of glucose?

Back 51

the presence or absence of oxygen

** when there is oxygen,cells use glucose more effectively**

Front 52

Is glycolisis an aerobic or anaerobic process?

Back 52

anaerobic

Front 53

FAD and FADH2

Back 53

FAD -an electron acceptor during the Krebs Cycle

FADH2 - another type of electron carrier in the Krebs Cycle

-They contain much of the energy that was previously stored in glucose adnpyruvate.

Front 54

BQ:what are the producs of glycolisis:

Back 54

yields 2 incremental ATPs (used 2 and made 4)

Front 55

NADH

Back 55

electron carrier